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Wikipédia
Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
(Redirecionado de Wikipedia)
Ir para: navegação, pesquisa
Nota: Se procura o artigo sobre a edição lusófona da Wikipédia, consulte Wikipédia lusófona.

Wikipédia[3] é uma enciclopédia multilíngüe online livre, colaborativa, ou seja, escrita internacionalmente por várias pessoas comuns de diversas regiões do mundo, todas elas voluntárias. Por ser livre, entende-se que qualquer artigo dessa obra pode ser transcrito, modificado e ampliado, desde que preservados os direitos de cópia e modificações, visto que o conteúdo da Wikipédia está sob a licença GNU/FDL (ou GFDL).

Criada em 15 de Janeiro de 2001, baseia-se no sistema wiki (do havaiano wiki-wiki = "rápido", "veloz", "célere").

O modelo wiki é uma rede de páginas web contendo as mais diversas informações, que podem ser modificadas e ampliadas por qualquer pessoa através de navegadores comuns, tais como o Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Netscape, Opera, Safari, ou outro qualquer programa capaz de ler páginas em HTML e imagens. Este é o fator que distingue a Wikipédia de todas as outras enciclopédias: qualquer pessoa com acesso à Internet pode modificar qualquer artigo, e cada leitor é potencial colaborador do projeto.

A enciclopédia sem fins lucrativos, é gerida e operada pela Wikimedia Foundation. Está disponível em 257 idiomas ou dialetos[1] com um total de 7,5 milhões de artigos[4], dos quais 2,1 milhões de artigos são referentes à versão em língua inglesa (dados de 11 de Dezembro de 2007)[5] e 433 786 artigos na versão em língua portuguesa (dados de 19 de Outubro de 2008). O número total de páginas ronda os 24 milhões e inclui imagens, páginas de usuários, páginas de discussão, categorias, predefinições, páginas de gestão dos projectos, etc. A versão alemã distribui-se também em DVD-ROM. Propõem-se, ainda, as idéias na versão anglófona, além de uma edição impressa.

Desde seu início, a Wikipédia tem aumentado firmemente sua popularidade[6], e seu sucesso tem feito surgir outros projetos irmãos. Segundo o Alexa, a wikipédia está entre os quinze websites mais visitados no mundo[7]. A popularidade também deve-se ao fato de muitas das páginas terem sido ou copiadas ou "forkiadas". Nas palavras do co-fundador Jimmy Wales, a Wikipédia é "um esforço para criar e distribuir uma enciclopédia livre e em diversos idiomas da mais elevada qualidade possível a cada pessoa do planeta, em sua própria língua".[8]

Contudo, o fato de qualquer um, especialista ou não, poder editar o conteúdo da Wikipédia tem gerado controvérsias. Algumas revistas e/ou enciclopédias rivais, tais como Encarta e Encyclopædia Britannica, têm criticado os artigos contidos na Wikipédia, que afirmam serem abordados de tal forma que condigam com a opinião da maioria e não com os fatos.

História

Wikipédia é um aperfeiçoamento do projeto Nupedia, um projecto de enciclopédia livre online através língua inglesa cujos artigos são escritos por especialistas e revistos em um processo formal. Nupedia foi fundada em 9 de março de 2000, sob a titularidade da Bomis, Inc, uma empresa de portal da web. Suas principais personalidades foram Jimmy Wales, Bomis como CEO, e Larry Sanger, editor chefe da Nupedia e posteriormente da Wikipédia. Nupedia estava inicialmente sob a Nupedia Open Content License, depois migrou para a GNU Free Documentation License antes da Wikipédia ser fundada, encorajada por Richard Stallman[9], que inclusive financiaram com o capital próprio de Jimmy Wales e a participação, como editor em tempo integral, de Larry Sanger, que durante vários meses organizou os dois projetos.

A palavra "Wikipédia" é uma adequação lusófona da forma original anglófona sobre a fusão dos dois nomes que escrevem Wiki" + "pedia. Em português, o prefixo "Wiki", somado ao sufixo de "enciclopédia", ganha acento diacrítico agudo no e, para atender a gramática lusófona.

Projetos Nupedia e Wikipédia

Nupedia e Wikipédia têm modelos diferentes de funcionamento. Nupedia primava por rígidos critérios de revisão e aprovação. Os artigos eram revistos e aprovados por reputados acadêmicos, muitos com Ph.D., e apenas em fase posterior eram publicados. Nupedia deixou de operar em setembro de 2003, com 24 artigos prontos e 74 ainda sendo revisados.

Wikipédia tem artigos redigidos de forma colaborativa. É ancorada por software próprio, o MediaWiki, desenvolvido por voluntários e sob a licença GNU/GPL. Assim, vários autores podem trabalhar em conjunto, editando sucessivamente a mesma página. Um colaborador pode assumir vários níveis de colaboração, em atividades tais como: escrever e revisar artigos, corrigir falhas e erros ortográficos, colaborar esporadicamente com o projeto também noutras atividades, como produzir softwares, traduzir artigos, e igualmente divulgar idéias ou participar de discussões pertinentes.

Comparação com a Britannica e a Encarta

a maior enciclopédia do mundo. Veja dados comparativos em relação às enciclopédias Britannica (B) e MSN Encarta, da Microsoft (E):

Wikipédia Britannica Encarta
Verbetes 7,5 milhões 28 mil 28 mil
Artigos 400 Milhões 120 mil 45 mil
Fundação 15 de Janeiro de 2001 1768, versão online em 2001 1993
Idiomas 257 (idiomas e dialetos) 1 (inglês) 8 (com limitações)
Acesso Ilimitado, gratuito Ilimitado, pago Ilimitado, pago
Versões Online e DVD (edição em alemão) Impressa e online CD-ROM e online
Revisão Instantânea (online). Internautas, especialistas ou não nos assuntos Anual. Editores especializados

Características de destaque

Seu acervo virtual, como a enciclopédia mais abrangente do planeta, "compete com o da Biblioteca do Congresso norte-americano, a segunda maior do mundo, com mais de 29 milhões de livros". Wikipédia iniciou com 5,1 mil palavras, número que subiu, em janeiro de 2006, para mais de 720 milhões; o número de imagens, no mesmo mês, também é significativo: mais de 1 milhão;
"... a Wikipédia já é o exemplo de wiki mais bem-sucedido da História. Se explorado comercialmente, valeria milhões de dólares.";
"... a Wikipédia desafia o modo convencional de lidar com propriedade intelectual, pois não há qualquer cobrança de direito autoral. Informação não tem dono, dizem os arautos dos novos tempos."
No modelo wiki, a História é narrada não só por renomados especialistas, mas também por anônimos (especialistas ou não) que, contudo, diariamente vivenciam os acontecimentos;
Em conclusão, em sua fase inicial, muitos não acreditaram no sucesso da Wikipédia. Segundo o professor Imre Simon, do Instituto de Matemática e Estatística da USP, "Quando foi lançada, muita gente pensou que a iniciativa não duraria quinze minutos." Mas o sucesso irrefutável da obra provou exatamente o contrário;
Seu êxito foi tão intenso, que Jimmy Wales pretende lançar uma versão da Wikipédia em CD-ROM, revista por especialistas;

Atualizações

Seu processo de atualização não é apenas diário: ocorre a qualquer instante, muitas vezes em tempo real, no tocante a eventos mais importantes. Sobre isso, a revista Época salienta: "O verbete sobre a presidente eleita do Chile, Michelle Bachelet, trazia a notícia sobre a sua vitória nas eleições momentos após o anúncio oficial". É, portanto, uma enciclopédia "viva", "ágil" e "pop". Os fatores consistência e qualidade são constantemente monitorados por wikipedistas mais ativos. Um controle especial registra automaticamente a data e hora de cada última atualização. Quando surgem erros, o tempo médio atual para suas correções é de dois minutos. Graças à colaboração de voluntários, não raro consultores e editores wiki mesclam-se numa só pessoa. Como os interesses das pessoas são variadíssimos, o acervo da Wikipédia abrange várias tribos culturais.

Confiabilidade

Apesar de ser de conteúdo aberto, e, portanto, sujeito a ser editado por qualquer internauta, a Wikipédia conquistou a aprovação — no tocante à confiabilidade de suas informações — da renomada revista científica Nature, da Inglaterra, publicação que, por sua vez, goza de enorme prestígio em nível mundial. A revista britânica realizou uma pesquisa comparativa, de 50 artigos científicos, entre a Wikipédia (W) e a Enciclopédia Britannica (B). Dos artigos, 42 foram analisados por especialistas, e o resultado foi surpreendente, vez que a comparação obteve pontos semelhantes:

Inconsistências por verbete (média): W = 4; B = 3; (empate técnico);
Erros graves: W = 4; B = 4;
"[...] incorreções factuais, omissões e afirmações falsas." (sic): W = 162; B = 123.

Transparência

O Wikipedia Scanner foi criado pelo Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia. Ele faz o cruzamento das informações de um banco de dados de IP com a lista das modificações das páginas, que já podiam ser acessadas na Wikipedia ao se clicar no link intitulado “história” no alto de uma página do site. “Nós realmente valorizamos transparência e o scanner de fato leva isso a outro nível”, disse um porta-voz do site.

O Wikipedia Scanner pode ajudar a evitar que uma organização ou indivíduos editem páginas que não deveriam. A nova ferramenta virtual indica que usuários de computadores da CIA (agência de inteligência americana), do FBI, do Vaticano, do Partido Trabalhista Britânico, das Nações Unidas, da Dell Computers, do Wal-Mart, da Microsoft, e da Apple [10], dentre muitos outros, são responsáveis por edições nos textos do site Wikipedia. [11]

Expansão do modelo wiki

modelo wiki tem sido usado, não somente no meio editorial, mas também no de várias empresas e instituições de ensino, por imprimir agilidade e uniformidade em projetos que demandam participações de várias pessoas. Os acompanhamentos dos debates, já que ocorrem em apenas um espaço ou documento, acontecem em tempo real, e, o que não é menos importante, impossibilita a perda de dados. Devido à facilidade proporcionada pela Internet, às vezes um projeto chega a contar com a participação, paga e/ou voluntária, em centenas de países. Tal eficiência condiz com o objetivo inicial da Internet: reunir, de forma ágil, informações provenientes de inúmeros acadêmicos presentes em universidades situadas em localidades geográficas diferentes. Dinamismo que é gerador de conhecimento e de riqueza, cujas conseqüências (do ponto de vista econômico) são ainda imprevisíveis. O vigor do modelo colaboracionista na Internet (ver Web 2.0) demonstra-se pelo surgimento do software livre, magistralmente representado pelo sistema GNU/Linux, criado pelo finlandês Linus Torvalds, e pelo projeto GNU.

Colaboradores

cada editor ativo da enciclopédia livre Wikipédia. O termo wikipedista é um neologismo, derivado da palavra Wikipédia. Diz-se wikipedian em inglês, wikipediano em italiano e assim por diante. Cada língua tem criado sua própria derivação, de acordo com a sua cultura e com o uso cotidiano nos bastidores das edições da enciclopédia online.


Alguns apelidos para os wikipedistas
Na convivência editorial, criaram-se alguns apelidos para designar alguns estereótipos de wikipedistas. Alguns exemplos são:

Wikipedicaólicos (do inglês wikipedicaholics = wikipedi[a] + aholic[s] (addicted to something) = dependente[s] de ou viciado[s] em algo): viciados na Wikipédia, fiscalizam, sempre que possível, e muitas vezes constantemente, a qualidade dos verbetes via correções de erros de informações. Também criam novos artigos e/ou executam revisões gramaticais dos textos e/ou verificam-lhe a consistência.
Vândalos: tumultuadores do projeto, exercem ações prejudiciais, como eliminação de informações, inclusão intencional de erros, acréscimo de dados inconsistentes com o tema etc.

Ver também

Jimmy Wales
Larry Sanger
Lei de Linus
Wikitruth
Citizendium
Controvérsia Essjay
Truth in Numbers: The Wikipedia Story (A Verdade em Números: A História de Wikipédia) (película)
Wikipédia em inglês simples

Ligações externas

Em português
Página Inicial da Wikipédia
A "Wikipédia nos media" (Portugal) ou a "Wikipédia na mídia" (Brasil)
Revista Época, "A enciclopédia pop" (reportagem de capa em 23.01.2006)
Revista Tema, "Uma enciclopédia feita por todos"
Wikipédia na dissertação Comunidades virtuais: um estudo do grupos.com.br de Eduardo Gonçalves d’Avila Filho. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2004.

Em inglês

Estatísticas da Wikipédia
Lista das Wikipédias no Mundo

Bibliografia

Para saber como pesquisar e editar:

Pinheiro, Eduardo (um wikipedista)
Wikipédia: guia prático de consulta e edição : a enciclopédia gratuita na Internet/Eduardo Pinheiro. - Vila Nova de Famalicão:Centro Atlântico, 2007. ISBN 978-989-615-037-2

Referências

↑ 1,0 1,1 A Wikipédia está disponível em 257 edições. Desse total, 3 delas estão com a base de dados bloqueada, não podendo ser editadas. Para mais informações consulte Wikipédia em outras línguas.
↑ [1]
↑ A pronúncia em português do Brasil: ( pronúncia ajuda · ficheiro · ouvir no browser)
↑ Número total de artigos: 7 590 982 em 19 de Junho de 2007 conforme List of Wikipedias (em inglês).
↑ Número de artigos em língua inglesa: 2 122 412 em 11 de Dexembro de 2007 conforme List of Wikipedias (em inglês).
↑ Estatísticas de acesso diário (visits per day)
↑ Alexa.com - Wikipedia: Daily reaches
↑ Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, 8 de Março de 2005, <[email protected]>
↑ Richard Stallman. "The Free Encyclopedia Project", Free Software Foundation, 1999.
↑ [2]
↑ FILDES, Jonathan. Site indica que a CIA e o Vaticano editaram a Wikipedia. BBCBrasil.com 15 de agosto, 2007 - 23h21 GMT (20h21 Brasília)
↑ http://www.computerworld.com/action/...4&pageNumber=1
↑ http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post...structure.html
↑ Folha da Região: Wikipédia: de tudo um pouco: "(...) Para ser um wikipedista, ou colaborador neste projeto, (...)"
Xitēpalēhuia Huiquipedia tlatequitiltiliztli nahuatīlpan ic quetza media. Ic achi tlanōnōtzaliztli, oncān yāuh.
Huiquipedia
Īhuīcpa Huiquipedia, in yōllōxoxouhqui cēntlamatilizāmoxtli
Yāuh īhuīc: ācalpapanōliztli, tlatēmoliztli

Huiquipedia logo.
Huiquipedia huēyicalīxatl.In Huiquipedia (Inglatlahtōlcopa Wikipedia; IPA: /ˌwikiˈpiːdi.ə/, /ˌwɪkiˈpiːdi.ə/ ahnōzo /ˌwaɪkiˈpiːdi.ə/) in ahmo patiyoh nozo yōllōxoxouhqui īhuān nepapantlahtōlli cēntlamatilizāmoxtli. Jimmy Wales īhuān Larry Sanger ōquipēuh Inglatlahtōlcopa Wikipedia īpan Tlacēnti 15, 2001 (2 calli) xihuitl. Huiquipedia in Inglatlahtōlcopa tōcāitl quitōznehqui:

Huiqui hawaitlahtōlcopa wiki wiki quinezcayotia ihciuhqui.
pedia elenotlahtōlcopa παίδεια (paídeia) quinezcayotia nemachtiliztli.

[ticpatlāz] Tlahtōllōtl
Huiquipedia ōmochīuh quemeh occē cēntlamatilizāmoxtli, Nupedia, ōmochīuh īpan Tlayēti 9, 2000 (1 tecpatl).

Āxcān, 264 tlahtōlhuiquipedia cateh; inic cē oc mahtlāctli onnāhui quimpiyah achi 100,000 tlahcuilōlli auh chicuacempōhualli īpan mahtlāctli omōme achi 1,000 quimpiyah. Huiquipedia, YouTube īhuān MySpace ītlatēquitiltilīl ōcatcah in xihuitl tlācah īpan 2006 (7 tōchtli), ōquihto Time quemeh "Teh".




Tlahcuillōli Mochīntīn Patlaliztli Admins Tlatēquitiltilīlli Īxiptli
10,851,081 37,799,120 538,978,786 4,423 12,796,739 1,612,975

Obtenido de "http://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huiquipedia"
Neneuhcāyōtl: Huiquipedia
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Inīn zāzanilli ōtlapatlac catca īpan 12:43, 15 Mahtlāc 2008. Tlahcuilōltzin cah yōllōxoxouhqui īpan GNU Free Documentation License Tlahcuilōlli piyaliznahuatīlli Ītechcopa Wikipedia Nahuatīllahtōl

Wikipedia
Us der alemannische Wikipedia, der freie Dialäkt-Enzyklopedy
Hops zue: Navigation, Suech
D'Wikipedia isch e Enzyklopedy mit Byträg, wo jeder döff ändere odr neumen andersch cha verwände. «Wikipedia» isch zämegsetzt us de Wört «Wiki» und «Encyclopedia». Wikis sind Websites, wo jeder ganz eifach cha ändere.

Dialäkt: Weschtallgairisch

Logo vo dr alemannische WikipediaAm 13. Novämber 2003 isch d elsässische Wikipedia gründet worre; im Septämber 2004 isch si zu`ra alemannische Wikipedia erwitret worre, und verfüegt momentan über 4.246 Artikel.

D'alemannische Wikipedia isch a Projekt fir alle Interessierte rund um de Bodesee. Alli, wo Alemannisch schwätze - us Ditschlond, dr Schwiiz, Eeschtriich, Liechteschtei, em Elsass oder in dr Welt versteut - könned hie in ihrer Schproch bzw. ihrem Dialäkt Artikl verfasse, verbessre, oder z.B. ou Artikl us der hohditsche Wikipedia ins Alemannische übersetze, um die alemannische Dialekt ufz`werte und für d' Erhaltig vo der Schproch, wo gebietswiis bereits usschtirbt, z'sorge.




Dr Artikel „Wikipedia“ isch leider no ziimle kurz! Wenn du aber meh zu dem Thema weisch, schrib's eifach dezue und mach us dem Schtumpe en ebbas umfangriichere Artikel.



Lueg ou
Wikipedia:Willkomme
Wikipedia:Erschti Schritt
Wikipedia:Hilf

Allmänd
Commons: Wikipedia – Witeri Mulitimediadateie zum Artikel

Netzgleicher (Egsterni Syte)
http://www.wikipedia.org/ - Schprach-Portal
http://www.wikipedia.ch/ - Schwiiz-Portal



Zueklappe ▲Wikimedia-Projekte
Commons | Wikibooks | Wikinews | Wikipedia | Wikiquote | Wikisource | Wikispecies | Wikiversity | Wiktionary



Vun "http://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"
Kategorie: Artikel uf Allgairisch | Wikipedia:Stub | Wikipedia | Bildig
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Der Inhalt vo dere Syte steht unter der GNU-FDL | Lizenzbestimmige
Daateschutz Yber Wikipedia Impressum


Learn more about using Wikipedia for research.
Wikipedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the encyclopedia. For the different, similar terms related to Wikipedia, see Wikipedia (terminology).
For Wikipedia's non-encyclopedic visitor introduction, see Wikipedia:About.
Wikipedia


Screenshot of Wikipedia's multilingual portal.
URL www.wikipedia.org
Slogan The free encyclopedia that anyone can edit.
Alexa rank #8[1]
Commercial? No
Type of site Online encyclopedia
Registration Optional
Available language(s) 236 active editions (253 in total)[2]
Owner Wikimedia Foundation
Created by Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger[3]
Launched January 15, 2001(2001-01-15)
Current status perpetual work-in-progress[4]
Wikipedia (pronunciation ) is a free,[5] multilingual encyclopedia project operated by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Its name is a portmanteau of the words wiki (a technology for creating collaborative websites) and encyclopedia. Wikipedia's 10 million articles, about a quarter of which are in English,[2] have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world, and almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone who can access the Wikipedia website.[6] Launched in 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger,[7] it is currently the largest and most popular[1] general reference work on the Internet.[8][9][10]

Critics of Wikipedia target its systemic bias and inconsistencies[11] and its policy of favoring consensus over credentials in its editorial process.[12] Wikipedia's reliability and accuracy are also an issue.[13] Other criticisms are centered on its susceptibility to vandalism and the addition of spurious or unverified information.[14] Scholarly work suggests that vandalism is generally short-lived.[15][16]

In addition to being an encyclopedic reference, Wikipedia has received major media attention as an online source of breaking news as it is constantly updated.[17][18] When Time magazine recognized "You" as its Person of the Year 2006, praising the accelerating success of online collaboration and interaction by millions of users around the world, Wikipedia was the first particular "Web 2.0" service mentioned, followed by YouTube and MySpace.[19]

Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Nature of Wikipedia
2.1 Editing model
2.2 Reliability and bias
2.3 Wikipedia community
2.3.1 Signpost
3 Operation
3.1 Wikimedia Foundation and the Wikimedia chapters
3.2 Software and hardware
4 License and language editions
5 Cultural significance
6 Related projects
7 See also
8 Further reading
8.1 Press coverage
8.2 Academic studies
8.3 Essays
9 References
10 External links



History
Main article: History of Wikipedia

Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project, Nupedia.Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. Nupedia was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis, Inc, a web portal company. Its main figures were Jimmy Wales, Bomis CEO, and Larry Sanger, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. Nupedia was licensed initially under its own Nupedia Open Content License, switching to the GNU Free Documentation License before Wikipedia's founding at the urging of Richard Stallman.[20]


Graph of the article count for the English Wikipedia, from January 10, 2001, to September 9, 2007 (the date of the two-millionth article)
Visitors to wikipedia.org in 2008Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales are the founders of Wikipedia.[3][21] While Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,[22] Sanger is usually credited with the counter-intuitive strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal.[23] On January 10, 2001, Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.[24] Wikipedia was formally launched on January 15, 2001, as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,[25] and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.[26] Wikipedia's policy of "neutral point-of-view"[27] was codified in its initial months, and was similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbiased" policy. Otherwise, there were relatively few rules initially and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.[22]

Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and search engine indexing. It grew to approximately 20,000 articles, and 18 language editions, by the end of 2001. By late 2002 it had reached 26 language editions, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the final days of 2004.[28] Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers went down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. English Wikipedia passed the 2 million-article mark on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, eclipsing even the Yongle Encyclopedia (1407), which had held the record for exactly 600 years.[29]

Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Wikipedia, users of the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create the Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002.[30] Later that year, Wales announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and its website was moved to wikipedia.org.[31] Various other projects have since forked from Wikipedia for editorial reasons. Wikinfo does not require neutral point of view and allows original research. New Wikipedia-inspired projects — such as Citizendium, Scholarpedia, Conservapedia and Google's Knol — have been started to address perceived limitations of Wikipedia, such as its policies on peer review, original research and commercial advertising.

The Wikimedia Foundation was created from Wikipedia and Nupedia on June 20, 2003.[32] It applied to the United States Patent and Trademark Office to trademark Wikipedia on September 17, 2004. The mark was granted registration status on January 10, 2006. Trademark protection was accorded by Japan on December 16, 2004, and in the European Union on January 20, 2005. Technically a service mark, the scope of the mark is for: "Provision of information in the field of general encyclopedic knowledge via the Internet"[citation needed]. There are plans to license the use of the Wikipedia trademark for some products, such as books or DVDs.[33]


Nature of Wikipedia

Editing model
Unlike traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica, no article in Wikipedia undergoes formal peer-review process and changes to articles are made available immediately. No article is owned by its creator or any other editor, or is vetted by any recognized authority. Except for a few vandalism-prone pages that can be edited only by administrators, every article may be edited anonymously or with a user account, while only registered users may create a new article. Consequently, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content.[34] Wikipedia also does not censor itself, and it contains materials that some people, including Wikipedia editors,[35] may find objectionable, offensive or pornographic.[36] For instance, in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of Muhammad's depictions in its English edition, citing this policy. The presence of politically sensitive materials in Wikipedia had also led China to block the access to parts of the site.[37]

Content in Wikipedia, however, is subject to the laws (in particular copyright law) in Florida, United States, where Wikipedia servers are hosted, and several editorial policies and guidelines that are intended to reinforce the notion that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia. Each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and thus is worthy of inclusion. A topic is deemed encyclopedic if it is "notable"[38] in the Wikipedia jargon; i.e., if it has received significant coverage in secondary reliable sources (i.e., mainstream media or major academic journals) that are independent of the subject of the topic. Second, Wikipedia must expose knowledge that is already established and recognized.[39] In other words, it must not present, for instance, new information or original works. A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to reliable sources.[40] Within the Wikipedia community, this is often phrased as "verifiability, not truth" to express the idea that the readers are left themselves to check the truthfulness of what appears in the articles and to make their own interpretations.[41] Finally, Wikipedia does not take a side.[42] All opinions and viewpoints, if attributable to external sources, must enjoy appropriate share of coverage within an article.[43] Wikipedia editors as a community write and revise those policies and guidelines[44] and enforce them by deleting, annotating with tags or modifying article materials failing to meet them. (See also Deletionism and inclusionism[45][46])


Editors keep track of changes to articles by checking the difference between two revisions of a page, displayed here in red.Contributors, registered or not, can take advantage of features available in the software that empowers Wikipedia. The "History" page attached to each article contains every single past revision of the article, though a revision with libelous content, criminal threats or copyright infringements may be removed afterwards.[47][48] The feature makes it easy to compare old and new versions, undo changes that an editor consider undesirable, or restore lost content. The "Discussion" pages associated with each article are used to coordinate work among multiple editors.[49] Regular contributors often maintain a "watchlist" of articles of interest to them, so that they can easily keep tabs on all recent changes to those articles. Computer programs called bots have been used widely to remove vandalism as soon as it was made,[16] or start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data.

The open nature of the editing model has been central to any form of criticism on Wikipedia. For example, at any point, a reader of an article cannot be certain, without consulting its "history" page, whether or not the article she is reading has been vandalized. Critics argue that non-expert editing undermines quality. Because contributors usually submit edits, rewriting small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content may be intermingled within an entry. Historian Roy Rosenzweig noted: "Overall, writing is the Achilles' heel of Wikipedia. Committees rarely write well, and Wikipedia entries often have a choppy quality that results from the stringing together of sentences or paragraphs written by different people."[50] All of these led to the question of the reliability of Wikipedia as a source of accurate information.

In 2008 two researchers proved the hypothesis that the growth of Wikipedia is sustainable.[51]


Reliability and bias
Main article: Reliability of Wikipedia
See also: Criticism of Wikipedia
Wikipedia has been accused of exhibiting systemic bias and inconsistency;[13] critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for much of the information makes it unreliable.[52] Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia is generally reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not always clear.[12] Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia.[53] Many university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring primary sources;[54] some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.[55] Co-founder Jimmy Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate as primary sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.[56] Technology writer Bill Thompson commented that the debate was possibly "symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today".[57]


John Seigenthaler Sr. has described Wikipedia as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool."[58]Concerns have also been raised regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity,[59] and that it is vulnerable to vandalism, the insertion of spurious information and similar problems. In one particularly well-publicized incident, false information was introduced into the biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler, Sr. and remained undetected for four months.[58] Some critics claim that Wikipedia's open structure makes it an easy target for Internet trolls, advertisers, and those with an agenda to push.[60][47] The addition of political spin to articles by organizations including members of the U.S. House of Representatives and special interest groups[14] has been noted,[61] and organizations such as Microsoft have offered financial incentives to work on certain articles.[62] These issues have been parodied, notably by Stephen Colbert in The Colbert Report.[63]

Economist Tyler Cowen writes, "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true, after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that many traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases. Novel results are over-reported in journal articles, and relevant information is omitted from news reports. But he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites, and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.[64]

In February 2007, an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that some of the professors at Harvard University include Wikipedia in their syllabus, but that there is a split in their perception of using Wikipedia.[65] In June 2007, former president of the American Library Association Michael Gorman condemned Wikipedia, along with Google,[66] stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything". He also said that "a generation of intellectual sluggards incapable of moving beyond the Internet" was being produced at universities. He complains that the web-based sources are discouraging students from learning from the more rare texts which either are found only on paper or are on subscription-only web sites. In the same article Jenny Fry (a research fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute) commented on the academics who cite Wikipedia saying that: "You cannot say children are intellectually lazy because they are using the Internet when academics are using search engines in their research. The difference is that they have more experience of being critical about what is retrieved and whether it is authoritative. Children need to be told how to use the Internet in a critical and appropriate way."[66]

There have been efforts within the Wikipedia community to improve the reliability of Wikipedia. The English-language Wikipedia has introduced an assessment scale against which the quality of articles is judged;[67] other editions have also adopted this. Roughly 2000 articles in English have passed a rigorous set of criteria to reach the highest rank, "featured article" status; such articles are intended to provide thorough, well-written coverage of their topic, supported by many references to peer-reviewed publications.[68] In order to improve reliability, some editors have called for "stable versions" of articles, or articles that have been reviewed by the community and locked from further editing—but the community has been unable to form a consensus in favor of such changes, partly because they would require a major software overhaul.[69][70] However a similar system is being tested on the German Wikipedia, and there is an expectation that some form of that system will make its way onto the English version at some future time.[71] Software created by Luca de Alfaro and colleagues at the University of California, Santa Cruz is now being tested that will assign "trust ratings" to individual Wikipedia contributors, with the intention that eventually only edits made by those who have established themselves as "trusted editors" will be made immediately visible.[72]


Wikipedia community

Wikimania, an annual conference for users of Wikipedia and other projects operated by the Wikimedia Foundation.The community has a power structure.[73][74] Wikipedia's community has also been described as "cult-like,"[75] although not always with entirely negative connotations,[76] and criticized for failing to accommodate inexperienced users.[77] Editors in good standing in the community can run for one of many of levels of volunteer stewardship; this begins with "administrator".[78], the largest group of privileged users (1,594 Wikipedians for the English edition on September 30, 2008), who have the ability to delete pages, lock articles from being changed in case of vandalism or editorial disputes, and block users from editing. Contrary to the name, the administrators do not enjoy any special privilege in decision-making and are prohibited from using their powers to settle content dispute. The roles of administrators, often described as "janitorial", are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors in order to minimize disruption, as well as banning users from making disruptive edits such as vandalism.

As Wikipedia grows with an unconventional model of encyclopedia building, "Who writes Wikipedia?" has become one of the questions frequently asked on the project, often with a reference to other Web 2.0 projects such as Digg.[79] Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization". This was later disputed by Aaron Swartz, who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content contributed by users with low edit counts.[80] A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site.[81] Although some contributors are authorities in their field, Wikipedia requires that even their contributions be supported by published and verifiable sources. The project's preference for consensus over credentials has been labeled "anti-elitism".[11]

In August 2007, a website developed by computer science graduate student Virgil Griffith named WikiScanner made its public debut. WikiScanner traces the source of millions of changes made to Wikipedia by editors who are not logged in, which reveals that many of these edits come from corporations or sovereign government agencies about articles related to them, their personnel or their work, and were attempts to remove criticism.[82]

In a 2003 study of Wikipedia as a community, economics Ph.D. student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in wiki software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation.[83] In his 2008 book, The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It, Jonathan Zittrain of the Oxford Internet Institute and Harvard Law School’s Berkman Center for Internet & Society cites Wikipedia's success as a case study in how open collaboration has fostered innovation on the web.[84]


Signpost
The Wikipedia Signpost is the community newspaper on the English Wikipedia, and was founded by Michael Snow, an administrator and the current chair of the Wikimedia Foundation board of trustees.[85] It covers news and events from the site, as well as major events from sister projects, such as Wikimedia Commons.[86]


Operation

Wikimedia Foundation and the Wikimedia chapters

Wikimedia Foundation logoWikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wikibooks. The Wikimedia chapters, local associations of Wikipedians, also participate in the promotion, the development and the funding of the project.


Software and hardware
The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database.[87] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and URL redirection. MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker.


Overview of system architecture, May 2006. See server layout diagrams on Meta-Wiki.Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Ubuntu[88][89] servers, 300 in Florida, 26 in Amsterdam, and 23 in Yahoo!'s Korean hosting facility in Seoul.[90] Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in Florida. This configuration included a single master database server running MySQL, multiple slave database servers, 21 web servers running the Apache HTTP Server, and seven Squid cache servers.

Wikipedia receives between 20,000 and 45,000 page requests per second, depending on time of day.[91] Page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Squid caching servers.[92] Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software, which in turn pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. Two larger clusters in the Netherlands and Korea now handle much of Wikipedia's traffic load.[citation needed]


License and language editions
See also: List of Wikipedias

Contributors for English Wikipedia by country as of September 2006.[93]All text in Wikipedia is covered by GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work.[94] The position that Wikipedia is merely a hosting service has been successfully used as a defense in court.[95][96] Wikipedia has been working on the switch to Creative Commons licenses because the GFDL, initially designed for software manuals, is not suitable for online reference works and because the two licenses are currently incompatible.[97]

The handling of media files (e.g., image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under fair use doctrine, while the others have opted not to. This is in part because of the difference in copyright laws between countries; for example, the notion of fair use does not exist in Japanese copyright law. Media files covered by free content licenses (e.g., Creative Commons' cc-by-sa) are shared across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation.

There are currently 262 language editions of Wikipedia; of these, 22 have over 100,000 articles and 79 have over 1,000 articles.[2] (See List of Wikipedias for the full list.) According to Alexa, the English subdomain (en.wikipedia.org; English Wikipedia) receives approximately 52% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages (Spanish: 19%, French: 5%, Polish: 3%, German: 3%, Japanese: 3%, Portuguese: 2%).[1] As of July 2008, the five largest language editions are (in order of article count) English, German, French, Polish and Japanese Wikipedias.[98]

Since Wikipedia is web-based and therefore worldwide, contributors of a same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences, (e.g. color vs. colour)[99] or points of view.[100] Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view," they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use.[101][102][103]


Percentage of all Wikipedia articles in English (red) and top ten largest language editions (blue). As of July 2008, less than 23% of Wikipedia articles are in English.Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".[104] Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all of its projects (Wikipedia and others). For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia and maintain a list of articles every Wikipedia should have. The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, foodstuffs, and mathematics. As for the rest, it is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might only be available in English.

Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions,[105] in part because automated translation of articles is disallowed.[106] Articles available in more than one language may offer "InterWiki" links, which link to the counterpart articles in other editions.

Several language versions have published a selection of Wikipedia articles on an optical disk version. An English version, 2006 Wikipedia CD Selection, contained about 2,000 articles. Another English version[107] developed by Linterweb contains "1988 + articles".[108][109] The Polish version contains nearly 240,000 articles.[110] There are also a few German versions.[111]


Cultural significance
Main article: Wikipedia in culture‎

An xkcd strip entitled "Wikipedian Protester."In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles,[112] Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001.[113] According to Alexa and comScore, Wikipedia is among the ten most visited websites world-wide.[10][114] Of the top ten, Wikipedia is the only non-profit website. The growth of Wikipedia has been fueled by its dominant position in Google search results;[115] about 50% of search engine traffic to Wikipedia comes from Google,[116] a good portion of which is related to academic research.[117] In April 2007 the Pew Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia.[118] In October 2006, the site was estimated to have a hypothetical market value of $580 million if it ran advertisements.[119]

Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases.[120][121] The Parliament of Canada's website refers to Wikipedia's article on same-sex marriage in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the Civil Marriage Act.[122] The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the U.S. Federal Courts and the World Intellectual Property Organization[123] – though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case.[124] Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some U.S. intelligence agency reports.[125]

Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism,[126] sometimes without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia.[127][128][129] In July 2007, Wikipedia was the focus of a 30-minute documentary on BBC Radio 4[130] which argued that, with increased usage and awareness, the number of references to Wikipedia in popular culture is such that the term is one of a select band of 21st-century nouns that are so familiar (Google, Facebook, YouTube) that they no longer need explanation and are on a par with such 20th-century terms as Hoovering or Coke. Many parody Wikipedia's openness, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. Notably, comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term "wikiality".[63]


The Onion newspaper headline "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence"Wikipedia has also created an impact upon forms of media. Some media sources satirize Wikipedia's susceptibility to inserted inaccuracies, such as a front-page article in The Onion in July 2006 with the title "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence".[131] Others may draw upon Wikipedia's statement that anyone can edit, such as "The Negotiation", an episode of The Office, where character Michael Scott said that "Wikipedia is the best thing ever. Anyone in the world can write anything they want about any subject, so you know you are getting the best possible information", and a select few parody Wikipedia's policies, such as the xkcd strip named "Wikipedian Protester", that also included the joke "Semi-protect the Constitution!"

The first documentary film about Wikipedia, entitled Truth in Numbers: The Wikipedia Story, is scheduled for 2009 release. Shot on several continents, the film will cover the history of Wikipedia and feature interviews with Wikipedia editors around the world.[132][133] Dutch filmmaker IJsbrand van Veelen premiered his 45-minute documentary The Truth According to Wikipedia in April, 2008.[134]

On September 28, 2007, Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the Minister of Cultural Resources and Activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, "the seventh most consulted website" to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.[135] On September 16, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the 2008 election campaign, saying, "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day."[136] An October 2007 Reuters article, entitled "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability.[137]


Jimmy Wales receiving the Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment awardWikipedia won two major awards in May 2004.[138] The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category.[139] Wikipedia was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby. On January 26, 2007, Wikipedia was also awarded the fourth highest brand ranking by the readers of brandchannel.com, receiving 15% of the votes in answer to the question "Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?"[140]

In September 2008, Wikipedia received Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadić, Eckart Höfling and Peter Gabriel. The award was presented to Jimmy Wales by David Weinberger.[141]


Related projects
Find more about Wikipedia on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Dictionary definitions
Textbooks
Quotations
Source texts
Images and media
News stories
Learning resources
A number of interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project, which included text (entered on BBC Micro computers) and photographs from over 1 million contributors in the UK, and covering the geography, art and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user-interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project have now been emulated on a website.[142] One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2, which was also created by the BBC. The h2g2 encyclopedia was relatively light-hearted, focusing on articles which were both witty and informative. Both of these projects had similarities with Wikipedia, but neither gave full editorial freedom to public users.

Wikipedia has also spawned several sister projects. The first, "In Memoriam: September 11 Wiki",[143] created in October 2002,[144] detailed the September 11 attacks; this project was closed in October 2006. Wiktionary, a dictionary project, was launched in December 2002;[145] Wikiquote, a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched, and Wikibooks, a collection of collaboratively written free books. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects, including Wikiversity, a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities.[146]

A similar non-wiki project, the GNUPedia project, co-existed with Nupedia early in its history; however, it has been retired and its creator, free software figure Richard Stallman, has lent his support to Wikipedia.[20]

Other websites centered on collaborative knowledge base development have drawn inspiration from or inspired Wikipedia. Some, such as Susning.nu, Enciclopedia Libre, and WikiZnanie likewise employ no formal review process, whereas others use more traditional peer review, such as Encyclopedia of Life, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Scholarpedia, h2g2 and Everything2.

Jimmy Wales, the de facto leader of Wikipedia,[147] said in an interview in regard to the online encyclopedia Citizendium which is overviewed by experts in their respective fields:[148] "We welcome a diversity of efforts. If Larry's project is able to produce good work, we will benefit from it by copying it back into Wikipedia."[149]


See also
Meta has related information at:
List of WikipediasList of online encyclopedias
List of wikis
Open content
USA Congressional staff edits to Wikipedia
User-generated content
Wikipediaress coverage
Wikipedia Watch
Wikitruth
Wikipedia Review

Further reading

Press coverage
"The free-knowledge fundamentalist", The Economist (2008-06-05). Retrieved on 2008-06-05.
Dee, Jonathan (2007-07-01). "All the News That's Fit to Print Out", The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
Giles, Jim (2007-09-20). "Wikipedia 2.0 - now with added trust", New Scientist. Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
Miliard, Mike (2007-12-02). "Wikipedia Rules", The Phoenix. Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
Taylor, Chris (2005-05-29). "It's a Wiki, Wiki World", Time. Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
Poe, Marshall (2006-09). "The Hive", The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved on 2008-03-22.
Balke, Jeff. For Music Fans: Wikipedia > MySpace Houston Chronicle
Freeman, Sarah (2007-08-16). "Can we really trust Wikipedia?", Yorkshire Post. Retrieved on 2008-09-20.

Academic studies
See also: Academic studies about Wikipedia
Ulrike Pfeil, Panayiotis Zaphiris, and Chee Siang Ang (2006). "Cultural differences in collaborative authoring of Wikipedia". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12 (1).
Joseph M. Reagle Jr. (2005). "Do as I do: leadership in the Wikipedia". Wikipedia Drafts.
Wilkinson, Dennis M. (April 2007). "Assessing the value of cooperation in Wikipedia". First Monday 12 (4). Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
Nielsen, Finn Årup (August 2007). "Scientific citations in Wikipedia". First Monday 12 (8). Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
Reid Priedhorsky, Jilin Chen, Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Katherine Panciera, Loren Terveen, John Riedl, "Creating, destroying, and restoring value in wikipedia", Proc. GROUP 2007, doi: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1316624.1316663

Essays
Roy Rosenzweig: Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past. (Originally published in The Journal of American History Volume 93, Number 1, June 2006, p117-46)
The Charms of Wikipedia Nicholson Baker article on Wikipedia from The New York Review of Books

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External links
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This page was last modified on 18 October 2008, at 18:38. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers

De voorinschrijvingen voor de Wikimedia Conferentie Nederland op 1 november zijn geopend: bekijk het programma en schrijf je in.
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Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie
Ga naar: navigatie, zoeken
Wikipedia


Type Encyclopedie
Taal Meertalig
Registratie Optioneel
Eigenaar Wikimedia Foundation
Auteur Wikipediagemeenschap
Opgericht 2001
Status Actief
URL Wikipedia.org
___
(download/info)
Wikipedia is een project van de Wikimedia Foundation, een in Florida gevestigde organisatie zonder winstoogmerk. Onder de paraplu van de Wikimedia Foundation bevinden zich diverse meertalige projecten waarvan Wikipedia het oudste, bekendste en succesvolste is. De naam Wikipedia is een samentrekking (portmanteau) van het uit het Hawaïaans afkomstige "wiki" en het Engelse (maar oorspronkelijk uit het Grieks afgeleide) "encyclopedia".

Het doel van Wikipedia is om in elke taal een complete, vrijelijk verspreidbare en bewerkbare encyclopedie op het internet te creëren. De artikelen in deze encyclopedie worden geacht een neutraal gezichtspunt in te nemen. Omdat de artikelen door elke bezoeker bewerkt kunnen worden, geeft Wikipedia echter geen garantie wat betreft de juistheid en evenwichtige kwaliteit van de informatie. Daarnaast is vanwege het open karakter van het project vandalisme een probleem.

De Nederlandstalige versie is te vinden op nl.wikipedia.org en bevat meer dan 480.000 artikelen. De Engelstalige versie is het grootst met ruim 2.500.000 artikelen. In totaal zijn er meer dan 11.000.000 artikelen te vinden op heel Wikipedia in 264 verschillende talen.

Inhoud [verbergen]
1 Opzet
1.1 Groei
1.2 Kenmerken van het project
1.3 Richtlijnen en basisregels
1.4 Medewerkers
1.5 Leiding
2 Geschiedenis van Wikipedia
3 Knelpunten
4 Kwaliteit
5 Bronnen
6 Externe links



Opzet
Wikipedia is opgezet in de vorm van een WikiWiki. Voor Wikipedia is een apart programma ontworpen. Tegenwoordig is deze software, MediaWiki, een opensourcesoftware-project dat zeer actief is en ook gebruikt wordt door de andere projecten van de WikiMedia Foundation en door diverse andere projecten en bedrijven.


Groei
Zie Lijst van Wikipedia's en Wikipedia:Statistieken voor de hoofdartikelen over dit onderwerp.
De oorspronkelijke en verreweg de grootste van de Wikipedia's is de Engelstalige. Het oorspronkelijke doel was te komen tot minimaal 100.000 artikelen, maar toen dat aantal was bereikt, ging de groei nog volop door.

Vanaf de zomer van 2001 zijn er naast de oorspronkelijke Engelstalige vele andere Wikipedia's gestart, waaronder deze Nederlandstalige en het aantal neemt nog steeds toe. Naast de Engelstalige zijn vooral de Duits-, Frans-, Russisch-,Pools-, Italiaans- en Japanstalige Wikipedia's qua aantal artikelen het grootst. De Nederlandstalige Wikipedia staat volgens dit criterium op de 7e plaats . Opgemerkt moet worden dat dit slechts iets over het aantal artikelen zegt en nog niets over de grootte of de (gemiddelde) kwaliteit van de artikelen.


Kenmerken van het project
Wikipedia is een echte wiki, hetgeen betekent dat elke inhoudelijke pagina door iedere willekeurige bezoeker bewerkt kan worden. Wikipedia is de eerste serieuze, algemene, digitale encyclopedie waarbij met dit concept gewerkt wordt. In vergelijking met andere concepten om informatie te verzamelen heeft dit tot gevolg dat Wikipedia, daar waar het actuele informatie betreft, in het algemeen zeer snel bijgewerkt is. Daar is het concept ook naar genoemd: 'wikiwiki' betekent in het Hawaïaans 'snel'.

Kenmerkend voor het project en het succes ervan is tevens het feit dat de inhoud deels rechtenvrij is. Alle tekst en media worden door Wikipedia door middel van de GFDL-licentie vrijgegeven en beschikbaar gesteld voor het publiek. Eenieder is daarmee gerechtigd de inhoud kosteloos te verspreiden en/of te wijzigen, terwijl niemand de toegang tot een uit Wikipedia overgenomen en eventueel gewijzigde inhoud kan worden onthouden.

Wikipedia presenteert zich daarbij uitdrukkelijk als een encyclopedie en niet als een woordenboek, discussieforum of webportaal. Voor woordenboekinformatie is overigens het zusterproject Wiktionary in het leven geroepen.

tive que editar,

FALOU E DISSE!

[Metal Snake]

através de navegadores comuns, tais como o Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Netscape, Opera, Safari, ou outro qualquer programa capaz de ler páginas em HTML e imagens. Este é o fator que distingue a Wikipédia de todas as outras enciclopédias: qualquer pessoa com acesso à Internet pode modificar qualquer artigo, e cada leitor é potencial colaborador do projeto.

A enciclopédia sem fins lucrativos, é gerida e operada pela Wikimedia Foundation. Está disponível em 257 idiomas ou dialetos[1] com um total de 7,5 milhões de artigos[4], dos quais 2,1 milhões de artigos são referentes à versão em língua inglesa (dados de 11 de Dezembro de 2007)[5] e 433 786 artigos na versão em língua portuguesa (dados de 19 de Outubro de 2008). O número total de páginas ronda os 24 milhões e inclui imagens, páginas de usuários, páginas de discussão, categorias, predefinições, páginas de gestão dos projectos, etc. A versão alemã distribui-se também em DVD-ROM. Propõem-se, ainda, as idéias na versão anglófona, além de uma edição impressa.

Desde seu início, a Wikipédia tem aumentado firmemente sua popularidade[6], e seu sucesso tem feito surgir outros projetos irmãos. Segundo o Alexa, a wikipédia está entre os quinze websites mais visitados no mundo[7]. A popularidade também deve-se ao fato de muitas das páginas terem sido ou copiadas ou "forkiadas". Nas palavras do co-fundador Jimmy Wales, a Wikipédia é "um esforço para criar e distribuir uma enciclopédia livre e em diversos idiomas da mais elevada qualidade possível a cada pessoa do planeta, em sua própria língua".[8]

Contudo, o fato de qualquer um, especialista ou não, poder editar o conteúdo da Wikipédia tem gerado controvérsias. Algumas revistas e/ou enciclopédias rivais, tais como Encarta e Encyclopædia Britannica, têm criticado os artigos contidos na Wikipédia, que afirmam serem abordados de tal forma que condigam com a opinião da maioria e não com os fatos.

História

Wikipédia é um aperfeiçoamento do projeto Nupedia, um projecto de enciclopédia livre online através língua inglesa cujos artigos são escritos por especialistas e revistos em um processo formal. Nupedia foi fundada em 9 de março de 2000, sob a titularidade da Bomis, Inc, uma empresa de portal da web. Suas principais personalidades foram Jimmy Wales, Bomis como CEO, e Larry Sanger, editor chefe da Nupedia e posteriormente da Wikipédia. Nupedia estava inicialmente sob a Nupedia Open Content License, depois migrou para a GNU Free Documentation License antes da Wikipédia ser fundada, encorajada por Richard Stallman[9], que inclusive financiaram com o capital próprio de Jimmy Wales e a participação, como editor em tempo integral, de Larry Sanger, que durante vários meses organizou os dois projetos.

A palavra "Wikipédia" é uma adequação lusófona da forma original anglófona sobre a fusão dos dois nomes que escrevem Wiki" + "pedia. Em português, o prefixo "Wiki", somado ao sufixo de "enciclopédia", ganha acento diacrítico agudo no e, para atender a gramática lusófona.

Projetos Nupedia e Wikipédia

Nupedia e Wikipédia têm modelos diferentes de funcionamento. Nupedia primava por rígidos critérios de revisão e aprovação. Os artigos eram revistos e aprovados por reputados acadêmicos, muitos com Ph.D., e apenas em fase posterior eram publicados. Nupedia deixou de operar em setembro de 2003, com 24 artigos prontos e 74 ainda sendo revisados.

Wikipédia tem artigos redigidos de forma colaborativa. É ancorada por software próprio, o MediaWiki, desenvolvido por voluntários e sob a licença GNU/GPL. Assim, vários autores podem trabalhar em conjunto, editando sucessivamente a mesma página. Um colaborador pode assumir vários níveis de colaboração, em atividades tais como: escrever e revisar artigos, corrigir falhas e erros ortográficos, colaborar esporadicamente com o projeto também noutras atividades, como produzir softwares, traduzir artigos, e igualmente divulgar idéias ou participar de discussões pertinentes.

Comparação com a Britannica e a Encarta

a maior enciclopédia do mundo. Veja dados comparativos em relação às enciclopédias Britannica (B) e MSN Encarta, da Microsoft (E):

Wikipédia Britannica Encarta
Verbetes 7,5 milhões 28 mil 28 mil
Artigos 400 Milhões 120 mil 45 mil
Fundação 15 de Janeiro de 2001 1768, versão online em 2001 1993
Idiomas 257 (idiomas e dialetos) 1 (inglês) 8 (com limitações)
Acesso Ilimitado, gratuito Ilimitado, pago Ilimitado, pago
Versões Online e DVD (edição em alemão) Impressa e online CD-ROM e online
Revisão Instantânea (online). Internautas, especialistas ou não nos assuntos Anual. Editores especializados

Características de destaque

Seu acervo virtual, como a enciclopédia mais abrangente do planeta, "compete com o da Biblioteca do Congresso norte-americano, a segunda maior do mundo, com mais de 29 milhões de livros". Wikipédia iniciou com 5,1 mil palavras, número que subiu, em janeiro de 2006, para mais de 720 milhões; o número de imagens, no mesmo mês, também é significativo: mais de 1 milhão;
"... a Wikipédia já é o exemplo de wiki mais bem-sucedido da História. Se explorado comercialmente, valeria milhões de dólares.";
"... a Wikipédia desafia o modo convencional de lidar com propriedade intelectual, pois não há qualquer cobrança de direito autoral. Informação não tem dono, dizem os arautos dos novos tempos."
No modelo wiki, a História é narrada não só por renomados especialistas, mas também por anônimos (especialistas ou não) que, contudo, diariamente vivenciam os acontecimentos;
Em conclusão, em sua fase inicial, muitos não acreditaram no sucesso da Wikipédia. Segundo o professor Imre Simon, do Instituto de Matemática e Estatística da USP, "Quando foi lançada, muita gente pensou que a iniciativa não duraria quinze minutos." Mas o sucesso irrefutável da obra provou exatamente o contrário;
Seu êxito foi tão intenso, que Jimmy Wales pretende lançar uma versão da Wikipédia em CD-ROM, revista por especialistas;

Atualizações

Seu processo de atualização não é apenas diário: ocorre a qualquer instante, muitas vezes em tempo real, no tocante a eventos mais importantes. Sobre isso, a revista Época salienta: "O verbete sobre a presidente eleita do Chile, Michelle Bachelet, trazia a notícia sobre a sua vitória nas eleições momentos após o anúncio oficial". É, portanto, uma enciclopédia "viva", "ágil" e "pop". Os fatores consistência e qualidade são constantemente monitorados por wikipedistas mais ativos. Um controle especial registra automaticamente a data e hora de cada última atualização. Quando surgem erros, o tempo médio atual para suas correções é de dois minutos. Graças à colaboração de voluntários, não raro consultores e editores wiki mesclam-se numa só pessoa. Como os interesses das pessoas são variadíssimos, o acervo da Wikipédia abrange várias tribos culturais.

Confiabilidade

Apesar de ser de conteúdo aberto, e, portanto, sujeito a ser editado por qualquer internauta, a Wikipédia conquistou a aprovação — no tocante à confiabilidade de suas informações — da renomada revista científica Nature, da Inglaterra, publicação que, por sua vez, goza de enorme prestígio em nível mundial. A revista britânica realizou uma pesquisa comparativa, de 50 artigos científicos, entre a Wikipédia (W) e a Enciclopédia Britannica (B). Dos artigos, 42 foram analisados por especialistas, e o resultado foi surpreendente, vez que a comparação obteve pontos semelhantes:

Inconsistências por verbete (média): W = 4; B = 3; (empate técnico);
Erros graves: W = 4; B = 4;
"[...] incorreções factuais, omissões e afirmações falsas." (sic): W = 162; B = 123.

Transparência

O Wikipedia Scanner foi criado pelo Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia. Ele faz o cruzamento das informações de um banco de dados de IP com a lista das modificações das páginas, que já podiam ser acessadas na Wikipedia ao se clicar no link intitulado “história” no alto de uma página do site. “Nós realmente valorizamos transparência e o scanner de fato leva isso a outro nível”, disse um porta-voz do site.

O Wikipedia Scanner pode ajudar a evitar que uma organização ou indivíduos editem páginas que não deveriam. A nova ferramenta virtual indica que usuários de computadores da CIA (agência de inteligência americana), do FBI, do Vaticano, do Partido Trabalhista Britânico, das Nações Unidas, da Dell Computers, do Wal-Mart, da Microsoft, e da Apple [10], dentre muitos outros, são responsáveis por edições nos textos do site Wikipedia. [11]

Expansão do modelo wiki

modelo wiki tem sido usado, não somente no meio editorial, mas também no de várias empresas e instituições de ensino, por imprimir agilidade e uniformidade em projetos que demandam participações de várias pessoas. Os acompanhamentos dos debates, já que ocorrem em apenas um espaço ou documento, acontecem em tempo real, e, o que não é menos importante, impossibilita a perda de dados. Devido à facilidade proporcionada pela Internet, às vezes um projeto chega a contar com a participação, paga e/ou voluntária, em centenas de países. Tal eficiência condiz com o objetivo inicial da Internet: reunir, de forma ágil, informações provenientes de inúmeros acadêmicos presentes em universidades situadas em localidades geográficas diferentes. Dinamismo que é gerador de conhecimento e de riqueza, cujas conseqüências (do ponto de vista econômico) são ainda imprevisíveis. O vigor do modelo colaboracionista na Internet (ver Web 2.0) demonstra-se pelo surgimento do software livre, magistralmente representado pelo sistema GNU/Linux, criado pelo finlandês Linus Torvalds, e pelo projeto GNU.

Colaboradores

cada editor ativo da enciclopédia livre Wikipédia. O termo wikipedista é um neologismo, derivado da palavra Wikipédia. Diz-se wikipedian em inglês, wikipediano em italiano e assim por diante. Cada língua tem criado sua própria derivação, de acordo com a sua cultura e com o uso cotidiano nos bastidores das edições da enciclopédia online.


Alguns apelidos para os wikipedistas
Na convivência editorial, criaram-se alguns apelidos para designar alguns estereótipos de wikipedistas. Alguns exemplos são:

Wikipedicaólicos (do inglês wikipedicaholics = wikipedi[a] + aholic[s] (addicted to something) = dependente[s] de ou viciado[s] em algo): viciados na Wikipédia, fiscalizam, sempre que possível, e muitas vezes constantemente, a qualidade dos verbetes via correções de erros de informações. Também criam novos artigos e/ou executam revisões gramaticais dos textos e/ou verificam-lhe a consistência.
Vândalos: tumultuadores do projeto, exercem ações prejudiciais, como eliminação de informações, inclusão intencional de erros, acréscimo de dados inconsistentes com o tema etc.

Ver também

Jimmy Wales
Larry Sanger
Lei de Linus
Wikitruth
Citizendium
Controvérsia Essjay
Truth in Numbers: The Wikipedia Story (A Verdade em Números: A História de Wikipédia) (película)
Wikipédia em inglês simples

Ligações externas

Em português
Página Inicial da Wikipédia
A "Wikipédia nos media" (Portugal) ou a "Wikipédia na mídia" (Brasil)
Revista Época, "A enciclopédia pop" (reportagem de capa em 23.01.2006)
Revista Tema, "Uma enciclopédia feita por todos"
Wikipédia na dissertação Comunidades virtuais: um estudo do grupos.com.br de Eduardo Gonçalves d’Avila Filho. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2004.

Em inglês

Estatísticas da Wikipédia
Lista das Wikipédias no Mundo

Bibliografia

Para saber como pesquisar e editar:

Pinheiro, Eduardo (um wikipedista)
Wikipédia: guia prático de consulta e edição : a enciclopédia gratuita na Internet/Eduardo Pinheiro. - Vila Nova de Famalicão:Centro Atlântico, 2007. ISBN 978-989-615-037-2

Referências

↑ 1,0 1,1 A Wikipédia está disponível em 257 edições. Desse total, 3 delas estão com a base de dados bloqueada, não podendo ser editadas. Para mais informações consulte Wikipédia em outras línguas.
↑ [1]
↑ A pronúncia em português do Brasil: ( pronúncia ajuda · ficheiro · ouvir no browser)
↑ Número total de artigos: 7 590 982 em 19 de Junho de 2007 conforme List of Wikipedias (em inglês).
↑ Número de artigos em língua inglesa: 2 122 412 em 11 de Dexembro de 2007 conforme List of Wikipedias (em inglês).
↑ Estatísticas de acesso diário (visits per day)
↑ Alexa.com - Wikipedia: Daily reaches
↑ Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, 8 de Março de 2005, <[email protected]>
↑ Richard Stallman. "The Free Encyclopedia Project", Free Software Foundation, 1999.
↑ [2]
↑ FILDES, Jonathan. Site indica que a CIA e o Vaticano editaram a Wikipedia. BBCBrasil.com 15 de agosto, 2007 - 23h21 GMT (20h21 Brasília)
↑ http://www.computerworld.com/action/...4&pageNumber=1
↑ http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post...structure.html
↑ Folha da Região: Wikipédia: de tudo um pouco: "(...) Para ser um wikipedista, ou colaborador neste projeto, (...)"
Xitēpalēhuia Huiquipedia tlatequitiltiliztli nahuatīlpan ic quetza media. Ic achi tlanōnōtzaliztli, oncān yāuh.
Huiquipedia
Īhuīcpa Huiquipedia, in yōllōxoxouhqui cēntlamatilizāmoxtli
Yāuh īhuīc: ācalpapanōliztli, tlatēmoliztli

Huiquipedia logo.
Huiquipedia huēyicalīxatl.In Huiquipedia (Inglatlahtōlcopa Wikipedia; IPA: /ˌwikiˈpiːdi.ə/, /ˌwɪkiˈpiːdi.ə/ ahnōzo /ˌwaɪkiˈpiːdi.ə/) in ahmo patiyoh nozo yōllōxoxouhqui īhuān nepapantlahtōlli cēntlamatilizāmoxtli. Jimmy Wales īhuān Larry Sanger ōquipēuh Inglatlahtōlcopa Wikipedia īpan Tlacēnti 15, 2001 (2 calli) xihuitl. Huiquipedia in Inglatlahtōlcopa tōcāitl quitōznehqui:

Huiqui hawaitlahtōlcopa wiki wiki quinezcayotia ihciuhqui.
pedia elenotlahtōlcopa παίδεια (paídeia) quinezcayotia nemachtiliztli.

[ticpatlāz] Tlahtōllōtl
Huiquipedia ōmochīuh quemeh occē cēntlamatilizāmoxtli, Nupedia, ōmochīuh īpan Tlayēti 9, 2000 (1 tecpatl).

Āxcān, 264 tlahtōlhuiquipedia cateh; inic cē oc mahtlāctli onnāhui quimpiyah achi 100,000 tlahcuilōlli auh chicuacempōhualli īpan mahtlāctli omōme achi 1,000 quimpiyah. Huiquipedia, YouTube īhuān MySpace ītlatēquitiltilīl ōcatcah in xihuitl tlācah īpan 2006 (7 tōchtli), ōquihto Time quemeh "Teh".




Tlahcuillōli Mochīntīn Patlaliztli Admins Tlatēquitiltilīlli Īxiptli
10,851,081 37,799,120 538,978,786 4,423 12,796,739 1,612,975

Obtenido de "http://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huiquipedia"
Neneuhcāyōtl: Huiquipedia
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Català
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Cebuano
Chamoru
ᏣᎳᎩ
Tsetsêhestâhese
Corsu
Qırımtatarca
Česky
Kaszëbsczi
Словѣ́ньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ
Чăвашла
Cymraeg
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Inīn zāzanilli ōtlapatlac catca īpan 12:43, 15 Mahtlāc 2008. Tlahcuilōltzin cah yōllōxoxouhqui īpan GNU Free Documentation License Tlahcuilōlli piyaliznahuatīlli Ītechcopa Wikipedia Nahuatīllahtōl

Wikipedia
Us der alemannische Wikipedia, der freie Dialäkt-Enzyklopedy
Hops zue: Navigation, Suech
D'Wikipedia isch e Enzyklopedy mit Byträg, wo jeder döff ändere odr neumen andersch cha verwände. «Wikipedia» isch zämegsetzt us de Wört «Wiki» und «Encyclopedia». Wikis sind Websites, wo jeder ganz eifach cha ändere.

Dialäkt: Weschtallgairisch

Logo vo dr alemannische WikipediaAm 13. Novämber 2003 isch d elsässische Wikipedia gründet worre; im Septämber 2004 isch si zu`ra alemannische Wikipedia erwitret worre, und verfüegt momentan über 4.246 Artikel.

D'alemannische Wikipedia isch a Projekt fir alle Interessierte rund um de Bodesee. Alli, wo Alemannisch schwätze - us Ditschlond, dr Schwiiz, Eeschtriich, Liechteschtei, em Elsass oder in dr Welt versteut - könned hie in ihrer Schproch bzw. ihrem Dialäkt Artikl verfasse, verbessre, oder z.B. ou Artikl us der hohditsche Wikipedia ins Alemannische übersetze, um die alemannische Dialekt ufz`werte und für d' Erhaltig vo der Schproch, wo gebietswiis bereits usschtirbt, z'sorge.




Dr Artikel „Wikipedia“ isch leider no ziimle kurz! Wenn du aber meh zu dem Thema weisch, schrib's eifach dezue und mach us dem Schtumpe en ebbas umfangriichere Artikel.



Lueg ou
Wikipedia:Willkomme
Wikipedia:Erschti Schritt
Wikipedia:Hilf

Allmänd
Commons: Wikipedia – Witeri Mulitimediadateie zum Artikel

Netzgleicher (Egsterni Syte)
http://www.wikipedia.org/ - Schprach-Portal
http://www.wikipedia.ch/ - Schwiiz-Portal



Zueklappe ▲Wikimedia-Projekte
Commons | Wikibooks | Wikinews | Wikipedia | Wikiquote | Wikisource | Wikispecies | Wikiversity | Wiktionary



Vun "http://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"
Kategorie: Artikel uf Allgairisch | Wikipedia:Stub | Wikipedia | Bildig
AsechtArtikel Diskussion Quelltext aaluege Versione/Autore Persönlichi WärkzügAamälde (SSL)Nawigation
Houptsyte
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Wikipedia-Portal
Artikel wo fähle
Letschti Änderige
Hilf
Froge?
Stammtisch
Finanzielli Hilf
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Ruckmäldig
Dér Artikl isch

guet glunge
akzeptaabl
uugnou
schleacht
fählerhaft
De Artikl kommentyre?
Wärchzügchäschtli
Was linkt da ane?
Verlinkts prüefe
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አማርኛ
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العربية
ܐܪܡܝܐ
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Brezhoneg
Bosanski
ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ
Català
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Cebuano
Chamoru
ᏣᎳᎩ
Tsetsêhestâhese
Corsu
Qırımtatarca
Česky
Kaszëbsczi
Словѣ́ньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ
Чăвашла
Cymraeg
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Deutsch
Zazaki
Dolnoserbski
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English
Esperanto
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Euskara
Estremeñu
فارسی
Fulfulde
Suomi
Võro
Føroyskt
Français
Arpetan
Furlan
Frysk
Gaeilge
贛語
Gàidhlig
Galego
Avañe'ẽ
ગુજરાતી
Gaelg
Hak-kâ-fa
Hawai`i
עברית
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Hornjoserbsce
Kreyòl ayisyen
Magyar
Հայերեն
Interlingua
Bahasa Indonesia
Igbo
Iñupiak
Ilokano
Ido
Íslenska
Italiano
ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut
日本語
Lojban
Basa Jawa
ქართული
Qaraqalpaqsha
Taqbaylit
Қазақша
Kalaallisut
ភាសាខ្មែរ
ಕನ್ನಡ
한국어
कश्मीरी - (كشميري)
Ripoarisch
Kurdî / كوردی
Kernewek
Latina
Ladino
Lëtzebuergesch
Лакку
Limburgs
Líguru
Lumbaart
Lingála
ລາວ
Lietuvių
Latviešu
Basa Banyumasan
Мокшень
Malagasy
Māori
Македонски
മലയാളം
Монгол
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Malti
Myanmasa
Эрзянь
مَزِروني
Dorerin Naoero
Nāhuatl
Nnapulitano
Plattdüütsch
Nedersaksisch
नेपाली
Oshiwambo
Nederlands
‪Norsk (nynorsk)‬
‪Norsk (bokmål)‬
Novial
Nouormand
Diné bizaad
Occitan
Иронау
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Pangasinan
Papiamentu
Polski
Piemontèis
پښتو
Português
Runa Simi
Rumantsch
Romani
Română
Armãneashce
Tarandíne
Русский
Sardu
Sicilianu
Scots
سنڌي
Sámegiella
Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
Shqip
Српски / Srpski
Basa Sunda
Svenska
Kiswahili
Ślůnski
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
Tetun
Тоҷикӣ
ไทย
Türkmen
Tagalog
Setswana
Tok Pisin
Türkçe
Tatarça/Татарча
Twi
Удмурт
Uyghurche‎ / ئۇيغۇرچە
Українська
O'zbek
Vèneto
Tiếng Việt
West-Vlams
Walon
Winaray
Wolof
吴语
ייִדיש
Yorùbá
Zeêuws
中文
文言
Bân-lâm-gú
粵語

Letschti Änderig vo dere Syte: 09:32, 17. Oktober 2008
Der Inhalt vo dere Syte steht unter der GNU-FDL | Lizenzbestimmige
Daateschutz Yber Wikipedia Impressum


Learn more about using Wikipedia for research.
Wikipedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the encyclopedia. For the different, similar terms related to Wikipedia, see Wikipedia (terminology).
For Wikipedia's non-encyclopedic visitor introduction, see Wikipedia:About.
Wikipedia


Screenshot of Wikipedia's multilingual portal.
URL www.wikipedia.org
Slogan The free encyclopedia that anyone can edit.
Alexa rank #8[1]
Commercial? No
Type of site Online encyclopedia
Registration Optional
Available language(s) 236 active editions (253 in total)[2]
Owner Wikimedia Foundation
Created by Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger[3]
Launched January 15, 2001(2001-01-15)
Current status perpetual work-in-progress[4]
Wikipedia (pronunciation ) is a free,[5] multilingual encyclopedia project operated by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Its name is a portmanteau of the words wiki (a technology for creating collaborative websites) and encyclopedia. Wikipedia's 10 million articles, about a quarter of which are in English,[2] have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world, and almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone who can access the Wikipedia website.[6] Launched in 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger,[7] it is currently the largest and most popular[1] general reference work on the Internet.[8][9][10]

Critics of Wikipedia target its systemic bias and inconsistencies[11] and its policy of favoring consensus over credentials in its editorial process.[12] Wikipedia's reliability and accuracy are also an issue.[13] Other criticisms are centered on its susceptibility to vandalism and the addition of spurious or unverified information.[14] Scholarly work suggests that vandalism is generally short-lived.[15][16]

In addition to being an encyclopedic reference, Wikipedia has received major media attention as an online source of breaking news as it is constantly updated.[17][18] When Time magazine recognized "You" as its Person of the Year 2006, praising the accelerating success of online collaboration and interaction by millions of users around the world, Wikipedia was the first particular "Web 2.0" service mentioned, followed by YouTube and MySpace.[19]

Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Nature of Wikipedia
2.1 Editing model
2.2 Reliability and bias
2.3 Wikipedia community
2.3.1 Signpost
3 Operation
3.1 Wikimedia Foundation and the Wikimedia chapters
3.2 Software and hardware
4 License and language editions
5 Cultural significance
6 Related projects
7 See also
8 Further reading
8.1 Press coverage
8.2 Academic studies
8.3 Essays
9 References
10 External links



History
Main article: History of Wikipedia

Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project, Nupedia.Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. Nupedia was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis, Inc, a web portal company. Its main figures were Jimmy Wales, Bomis CEO, and Larry Sanger, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. Nupedia was licensed initially under its own Nupedia Open Content License, switching to the GNU Free Documentation License before Wikipedia's founding at the urging of Richard Stallman.[20]


Graph of the article count for the English Wikipedia, from January 10, 2001, to September 9, 2007 (the date of the two-millionth article)
Visitors to wikipedia.org in 2008Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales are the founders of Wikipedia.[3][21] While Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,[22] Sanger is usually credited with the counter-intuitive strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal.[23] On January 10, 2001, Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.[24] Wikipedia was formally launched on January 15, 2001, as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,[25] and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.[26] Wikipedia's policy of "neutral point-of-view"[27] was codified in its initial months, and was similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbiased" policy. Otherwise, there were relatively few rules initially and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.[22]

Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and search engine indexing. It grew to approximately 20,000 articles, and 18 language editions, by the end of 2001. By late 2002 it had reached 26 language editions, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the final days of 2004.[28] Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers went down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. English Wikipedia passed the 2 million-article mark on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, eclipsing even the Yongle Encyclopedia (1407), which had held the record for exactly 600 years.[29]

Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Wikipedia, users of the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create the Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002.[30] Later that year, Wales announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and its website was moved to wikipedia.org.[31] Various other projects have since forked from Wikipedia for editorial reasons. Wikinfo does not require neutral point of view and allows original research. New Wikipedia-inspired projects — such as Citizendium, Scholarpedia, Conservapedia and Google's Knol — have been started to address perceived limitations of Wikipedia, such as its policies on peer review, original research and commercial advertising.

The Wikimedia Foundation was created from Wikipedia and Nupedia on June 20, 2003.[32] It applied to the United States Patent and Trademark Office to trademark Wikipedia on September 17, 2004. The mark was granted registration status on January 10, 2006. Trademark protection was accorded by Japan on December 16, 2004, and in the European Union on January 20, 2005. Technically a service mark, the scope of the mark is for: "Provision of information in the field of general encyclopedic knowledge via the Internet"[citation needed]. There are plans to license the use of the Wikipedia trademark for some products, such as books or DVDs.[33]


Nature of Wikipedia

Editing model
Unlike traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica, no article in Wikipedia undergoes formal peer-review process and changes to articles are made available immediately. No article is owned by its creator or any other editor, or is vetted by any recognized authority. Except for a few vandalism-prone pages that can be edited only by administrators, every article may be edited anonymously or with a user account, while only registered users may create a new article. Consequently, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content.[34] Wikipedia also does not censor itself, and it contains materials that some people, including Wikipedia editors,[35] may find objectionable, offensive or pornographic.[36] For instance, in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of Muhammad's depictions in its English edition, citing this policy. The presence of politically sensitive materials in Wikipedia had also led China to block the access to parts of the site.[37]

Content in Wikipedia, however, is subject to the laws (in particular copyright law) in Florida, United States, where Wikipedia servers are hosted, and several editorial policies and guidelines that are intended to reinforce the notion that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia. Each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and thus is worthy of inclusion. A topic is deemed encyclopedic if it is "notable"[38] in the Wikipedia jargon; i.e., if it has received significant coverage in secondary reliable sources (i.e., mainstream media or major academic journals) that are independent of the subject of the topic. Second, Wikipedia must expose knowledge that is already established and recognized.[39] In other words, it must not present, for instance, new information or original works. A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to reliable sources.[40] Within the Wikipedia community, this is often phrased as "verifiability, not truth" to express the idea that the readers are left themselves to check the truthfulness of what appears in the articles and to make their own interpretations.[41] Finally, Wikipedia does not take a side.[42] All opinions and viewpoints, if attributable to external sources, must enjoy appropriate share of coverage within an article.[43] Wikipedia editors as a community write and revise those policies and guidelines[44] and enforce them by deleting, annotating with tags or modifying article materials failing to meet them. (See also Deletionism and inclusionism[45][46])


Editors keep track of changes to articles by checking the difference between two revisions of a page, displayed here in red.Contributors, registered or not, can take advantage of features available in the software that empowers Wikipedia. The "History" page attached to each article contains every single past revision of the article, though a revision with libelous content, criminal threats or copyright infringements may be removed afterwards.[47][48] The feature makes it easy to compare old and new versions, undo changes that an editor consider undesirable, or restore lost content. The "Discussion" pages associated with each article are used to coordinate work among multiple editors.[49] Regular contributors often maintain a "watchlist" of articles of interest to them, so that they can easily keep tabs on all recent changes to those articles. Computer programs called bots have been used widely to remove vandalism as soon as it was made,[16] or start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data.

The open nature of the editing model has been central to any form of criticism on Wikipedia. For example, at any point, a reader of an article cannot be certain, without consulting its "history" page, whether or not the article she is reading has been vandalized. Critics argue that non-expert editing undermines quality. Because contributors usually submit edits, rewriting small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content may be intermingled within an entry. Historian Roy Rosenzweig noted: "Overall, writing is the Achilles' heel of Wikipedia. Committees rarely write well, and Wikipedia entries often have a choppy quality that results from the stringing together of sentences or paragraphs written by different people."[50] All of these led to the question of the reliability of Wikipedia as a source of accurate information.

In 2008 two researchers proved the hypothesis that the growth of Wikipedia is sustainable.[51]


Reliability and bias
Main article: Reliability of Wikipedia
See also: Criticism of Wikipedia
Wikipedia has been accused of exhibiting systemic bias and inconsistency;[13] critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for much of the information makes it unreliable.[52] Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia is generally reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not always clear.[12] Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia.[53] Many university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring primary sources;[54] some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.[55] Co-founder Jimmy Wales stresses that by Aaron Swartz, who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content contributed by users with low edit counts.[80] A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site.[81] Although some contributors are authorities in their field, Wikipedia requires that even their contributions be supported by published and verifiable sources. The project's preference for consensus over credentials has been labeled "anti-elitism".[11]

In August 2007, a website developed by computer science graduate student Virgil Griffith named WikiScanner made its public debut. WikiScanner traces the source of millions of changes made to Wikipedia by editors who are not logged in, which reveals that many of these edits come from corporations or sovereign government agencies about articles related to them, their personnel or their work, and were attempts to remove criticism.[82]

In a 2003 study of Wikipedia as a community, economics Ph.D. student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in wiki software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation.[83] In his 2008 book, The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It, Jonathan Zittrain of the Oxford Internet Institute and Harvard Law School’s Berkman Center for Internet & Society cites Wikipedia's success as a case study in how open collaboration has fostered innovation on the web.[84]


Signpost
The Wikipedia Signpost is the community newspaper on the English Wikipedia, and was founded by Michael Snow, an administrator and the current chair of the Wikimedia Foundation board of trustees.[85] It covers news and events from the site, as well as major events from sister projects, such as Wikimedia Commons.[86]


Operation

Wikimedia Foundation and the Wikimedia chapters

Wikimedia Foundation logoWikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wikibooks. The Wikimedia chapters, local associations of Wikipedians, also participate in the promotion, the development and the funding of the project.


Software and hardware
The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database.[87] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and URL redirection. MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker.


Overview of system architecture, May 2006. See server layout diagrams on Meta-Wiki.Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Ubuntu[88][89] servers, 300 in Florida, 26 in Amsterdam, and 23 in Yahoo!'s Korean hosting facility in Seoul.[90] Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in Florida. This configuration included a single master database server running MySQL, multiple slave database servers, 21 web servers running the Apache HTTP Server, and seven Squid cache servers.

Wikipedia receives between 20,000 and 45,000 page requests per second, depending on time of day.[91] Page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Squid caching servers.[92] Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software, which in turn pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. Two larger clusters in the Netherlands and Korea now handle much of Wikipedia's traffic load.[citation needed]


License and language editions
See also: List of Wikipedias

Contributors for English Wikipedia by country as of September 2006.[93]All text in Wikipedia is covered by GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work.[94] The position that Wikipedia is merely a hosting service has been successfully used as a defense in court.[95][96] Wikipedia has been working on the switch to Creative Commons licenses because the GFDL, initially designed for software manuals, is not suitable for online reference works and because the two licenses are currently incompatible.[97]

The handling of media files (e.g., image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under fair use doctrine, while the others have opted not to. This is in part because of the difference in copyright laws between countries; for example, the notion of fair use does not exist in Japanese copyright law. Media files covered by free content licenses (e.g., Creative Commons' cc-by-sa) are shared across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation.

There are currently 262 language editions of Wikipedia; of these, 22 have over 100,000 articles and 79 have over 1,000 articles.[2] (See List of Wikipedias for the full list.) According to Alexa, the English subdomain (en.wikipedia.org; English Wikipedia) receives approximately 52% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages (Spanish: 19%, French: 5%, Polish: 3%, German: 3%, Japanese: 3%, Portuguese: 2%).[1] As of July 2008, the five largest language editions are (in order of article count) English, German, French, Polish and Japanese Wikipedias.[98]

Since Wikipedia is web-based and therefore worldwide, contributors of a same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences, (e.g. color vs. colour)[99] or points of view.[100] Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view," they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use.[101][102][103]


Percentage of all Wikipedia articles in English (red) and top ten largest language editions (blue). As of July 2008, less than 23% of Wikipedia articles are in English.Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".[104] Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all of its projects (Wikipedia and others). For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia and maintain a list of articles every Wikipedia should have. The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, foodstuffs, and mathematics. As for the rest, it is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might only be available in English.

Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions,[105] in part because automated translation of articles is disallowed.[106] Articles available in more than one language may offer "InterWiki" links, which link to the counterpart articles in other editions.

Several language versions have published a selection of Wikipedia articles on an optical disk version. An English version, 2006 Wikipedia CD Selection, contained about 2,000 articles. Another English version[107] developed by Linterweb contains "1988 + articles".[108][109] The Polish version contains nearly 240,000 articles.[110] There are also a few German versions.[111]


Cultural significance
Main article: Wikipedia in culture‎

An xkcd strip entitled "Wikipedian Protester."In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles,[112] Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001.[113] According to Alexa and comScore, Wikipedia is among the ten most visited websites world-wide.[10][114] Of the top ten, Wikipedia is the only non-profit website. The growth of Wikipedia has been fueled by its dominant position in Google search results;[115] about 50% of search engine traffic to Wikipedia comes from Google,[116] a good portion of which is related to academic research.[117] In April 2007 the Pew Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia.[118] In October 2006, the site was estimated to have a hypothetical market value of $580 million if it ran advertisements.[119]

Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases.[120][121] The Parliament of Canada's website refers to Wikipedia's article on same-sex marriage in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the Civil Marriage Act.[122] The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the U.S. Federal Courts and the World Intellectual Property Organization[123] – though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case.[124] Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some U.S. intelligence agency reports.[125]

Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism,[126] sometimes without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia.[127][128][129] In July 2007, Wikipedia was the focus of a 30-minute documentary on BBC Radio 4[130] which argued that, with increased usage and awareness, the number of references to Wikipedia in popular culture is such that the term is one of a select band of 21st-century nouns that are so familiar (Google, Facebook, YouTube) that they no longer need explanation and are on a par with such 20th-century terms as Hoovering or Coke. Many parody Wikipedia's openness, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. Notably, comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term "wikiality".[63]


The Onion newspaper headline "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence"Wikipedia has also created an impact upon forms of media. Some media sources satirize Wikipedia's susceptibility to inserted inaccuracies, such as a front-page article in The Onion in July 2006 with the title "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence".[131] Others may draw upon Wikipedia's statement that anyone can edit, such as "The Negotiation", an episode of The Office, where character Michael Scott said that "Wikipedia is the best thing ever. Anyone in the world can write anything they want about any subject, so you know you are getting the best possible information", and a select few parody Wikipedia's policies, such as the xkcd strip named "Wikipedian Protester", that also included the joke "Semi-protect the Constitution!"

The first documentary film about Wikipedia, entitled Truth in Numbers: The Wikipedia Story, is scheduled for 2009 release. Shot on several continents, the film will cover the history of Wikipedia and feature interviews with Wikipedia editors around the world.[132][133] Dutch filmmaker IJsbrand van Veelen premiered his 45-minute documentary The Truth According to Wikipedia in April, 2008.[134]

On September 28, 2007, Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the Minister of Cultural Resources and Activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, "the seventh most consulted website" to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.[135] On September 16, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the 2008 election campaign, saying, "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day."[136] An October 2007 Reuters article, entitled "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability.[137]


Jimmy Wales receiving the Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment awardWikipedia won two major awards in May 2004.[138] The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category.[139] Wikipedia was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby. On January 26, 2007, Wikipedia was also awarded the fourth highest brand ranking by the readers of brandchannel.com, receiving 15% of the votes in answer to the question "Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?"[140]

In September 2008, Wikipedia received Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadić, Eckart Höfling and Peter Gabriel. The award was presented to Jimmy Wales by David Weinberger.[141]


Related projects
Find more about Wikipedia on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Dictionary definitions
Textbooks
Quotations
Source texts
Images and media
News stories
Learning resources
A number of interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project, which included text (entered on BBC Micro computers) and photographs from over 1 million contributors in the UK, and covering the geography, art and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user-interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project have now been emulated on a website.[142] One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2, which was also created by the BBC. The h2g2 encyclopedia was relatively light-hearted, focusing on articles which were both witty and informative. Both of these projects had similarities with Wikipedia, but neither gave full editorial freedom to public users.

Wikipedia has also spawned several sister projects. The first, "In Memoriam: September 11 Wiki",[143] created in October 2002,[144] detailed the September 11 attacks; this project was closed in October 2006. Wiktionary, a dictionary project, was launched in December 2002;[145] Wikiquote, a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched, and Wikibooks, a collection of collaboratively written free books. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects, including Wikiversity, a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities.[146]

A similar non-wiki project, the GNUPedia project, co-existed with Nupedia early in its history; however, it has been retired and its creator, free software figure Richard Stallman, has lent his support to Wikipedia.[20]

Other websites centered on collaborative knowledge base development have drawn inspiration from or inspired Wikipedia. Some, such as Susning.nu, Enciclopedia Libre, and WikiZnanie likewise employ no formal review process, whereas others use more traditional peer review, such as Encyclopedia of Life, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Scholarpedia, h2g2 and Everything2.

Jimmy Wales, the de facto leader of Wikipedia,[147] said in an interview in regard to the online encyclopedia Citizendium which is overviewed by experts in their respective fields:[148] "We welcome a diversity of efforts. If Larry's project is able to produce good work, we will benefit from it by copying it back into Wikipedia."[149]


See also
Meta has related information at:
List of WikipediasList of online encyclopedias
List of wikis
Open content
USA Congressional staff edits to Wikipedia
User-generated content
Wikipediaress coverage
Wikipedia Watch
Wikitruth
Wikipedia Review

Further reading

Press coverage
"The free-knowledge fundamentalist", The Economist (2008-06-05). Retrieved on 2008-06-05.
Dee, Jonathan (2007-07-01). "All the News That's Fit to Print Out", The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
Giles, Jim (2007-09-20). "Wikipedia 2.0 - now with added trust", New Scientist. Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
Miliard, Mike (2007-12-02). "Wikipedia Rules", The Phoenix. Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
Taylor, Chris (2005-05-29). "It's a Wiki, Wiki World", Time. Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
Poe, Marshall (2006-09). "The Hive", The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved on 2008-03-22.
Balke, Jeff. For Music Fans: Wikipedia > MySpace Houston Chronicle
Freeman, Sarah (2007-08-16). "Can we really trust Wikipedia?", Yorkshire Post. Retrieved on 2008-09-20.

Academic studies
See also: Academic studies about Wikipedia
Ulrike Pfeil, Panayiotis Zaphiris, and Chee Siang Ang (2006). "Cultural differences in collaborative authoring of Wikipedia". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12 (1).
Joseph M. Reagle Jr. (2005). "Do as I do: leadership in the Wikipedia". Wikipedia Drafts.
Wilkinson, Dennis M. (April 2007). "Assessing the value of cooperation in Wikipedia". First Monday 12 (4). Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
Nielsen, Finn Årup (August 2007). "Scientific citations in Wikipedia". First Monday 12 (8). Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
Reid Priedhorsky, Jilin Chen, Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Katherine Panciera, Loren Terveen, John Riedl, "Creating, destroying, and restoring value in wikipedia", Proc. GROUP 2007, doi: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1316624.1316663

Essays
Roy Rosenzweig: Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past. (Originally published in The Journal of American History Volume 93, Number 1, June 2006, p117-46)
The Charms of Wikipedia Nicholson Baker article on Wikipedia from The New York Review of Books

References
^ a b c "Five-year traffic statistics for wikipedia.org". Alexa Internet. Retrieved on 2008-07-15.
^ a b c "Statistics". English Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2008-06-21.
^ a b Jonathan Sidener. "Everyone's Encyclopedia", San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved on 2006-10-15.
^ "Wikipedia:Wikipedia is a work in progress". Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2008-07-03.
^ Some versions such as the English language version contain non-free content.
^ In some parts of the world, the access to Wikipedia has (or had) been blocked.
^ Miliard, Mike (2008-03-01). "Wikipediots: Who are these devoted, even obsessive contributors to Wikipedia?", Salt Lake City Weekly. Retrieved on 2008-02-21.
^ Tancer, Bill (2007-05-01). "Look Who's Using Wikipedia", Time. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. "The sheer volume of content [...] is partly responsible for the site's dominance as an online reference. When compared to the top 3,200 educational reference sites in the U.S., Wikipedia is #1, capturing 24.3% of all visits to the category" (the author's blog post on the article)
^ Woodson, Alex (2007-07-08). "Wikipedia remains go-to site for online news", Reuters. Retrieved on 2007-12-16. "Online encyclopedia Wikipedia has added about 20 million unique monthly visitors in the past year, making it the top online news and information destination, according to Nielsen//NetRatings."
^ a b "Top 500". Alexa. Retrieved on 2007-12-04.
^ a b Larry Sanger, Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism, Kuro5hin, December 31, 2004.
^ a b Danah Boyd (2005-01-04). "Academia and Wikipedia". Many-to-Many. Retrieved on 2007-02-11.[unreliable source?]
^ a b Simon Waldman (2004-10-26). "Who knows?". The Guardian. Retrieved on 2007-02-11.
^ a b Ahrens, Frank (2006-07-09). "Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles". The Washington Post. Retrieved on 2006-11-01.
^ Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Kushal Dave (2004). "Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizations" (PDF). Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: p. 575–582. ISBN 1-58113-702-8. Retrieved on 2007-01-24.
^ a b Reid Priedhorsky, Jilin Chen, Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Katherine Panciera, Loren Terveen, John Riedl (2007-11-04). "Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia". Association for Computing Machinery GROUP '07 conference proceedings. Retrieved on 2007-10-13.
^ Jonathan Dee (2007-07-01). "All the News That's Fit to Print Out", The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-12-01.
^ Andrew Lih (2004-04-16). "Wikipedia as Participatory Journalism: Reliable Sources? Metrics for evaluating collaborative media as a news resource". 5th International Symposium on Online Journalism. Retrieved on 2007-10-13.
^ "Time's Person of the Year: You", Time (2006-12-13).
^ a b Stallman, Richard M. (2007-06-20). "The Free Encyclopedia Project". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-01-04.
^ Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You", The New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-11-22. "I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph," said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.
^ a b Larry Sanger (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir", Slashdot.
^ "Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks?". Retrieved on 2007-02-20.
^ Larry Sanger (January 10, 2001). "Let's make a wiki", Internet Archive.
^ "Wikipedia: HomePage". Retrieved on 2001-03-31.
^ Larry Sanger (January 17, 2001). "Wikipedia is up!", Internet Archive.
^ "Wikipedia:Neutral point of view, Wikipedia (January 21, 2007)
^ "Multilingual statistics", Wikipedia, March 30, 2005
^ "Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed. 18. (2007). Encyclopædia Britannica. 257–286.
^ "[long Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008]". Osdir.
^ Shirky, Clay (February 28, 2008). Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations. The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader, 273. ISBN 1-594201-53-6.
^ Jimmy Wales: "Announcing Wikimedia Foundation", June 20, 2003, <[email protected]>
^ Nair, Vipin (December 5, 2005). "Growing on volunteer power", Business Line.
^ "Wikipedia:General disclaimer". English Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
^ Schliebs, Mark (2008-09-09). "Wikipedia users divided over sexual material", news.com.au.
^ "Wikipedia is not censored". Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2008-04-30.
^ Taylor, Sophie (2008-04-05). "China allows access to English Wikipedia". Reuters. Retrieved on 2008-07-29.
^ "Wikipedia:Notability". Retrieved on 2008-02-13. "A topic is presumed to be notable if it has received significant coverage in reliable secondary sources that are independent of the subject."
^ "Wikipedia:No original research". Retrieved on 2008-02-13. "Wikipedia does not publish original thought"
^ Coincidentally, the Wikipedia community regards Wikipedia as a unreliable source.
^ "Wikipedia:Verifiability". Retrieved on 2008-02-13. "Material challenged or likely to be challenged, and all quotations, must be attributed to a reliable, published source."
^ "Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view". Retrieved on 2008-02-13. "All Wikipedia articles and other encyclopedic content must be written from a neutral point of view, representing significant views fairly, proportionately and without bias."
^ Eric Haas (2007-10-26). "Will Unethical Editing Destroy Wikipedia's Credibility?". AlterNet.org.
^ "Who's behind Wikipedia?". PC World (2008-02-06). Retrieved on 2008-02-07.
^ "The battle for Wikipedia's soul", The Economist (2008-03-06). Retrieved on 2008-03-07.
^ "Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart", The Daily Telegraph (2007-11-10). Retrieved on 2008-03-11.
^ a b Kleinz, Torsten (February, 2005). "World of Knowledge", The Wikipedia Project, Linux Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-07-13. "The Wikipedia's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves."
^ The Japanese Wikipedia, for example, is known for deleting every mention of real names of victims of certain high-profile crimes, even though they may still be noted in other language editions.
^ Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Jesse Kriss, Frank van Ham (2007-01-03). "Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia". Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research. Retrieved on 2008-06-27.
^ Rosenzweig, Roy. "Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past". The Journal of American History Volume 93, Number 1 (June, 2006): 117-46. Retrieved on 2007-10-29.
^ Diomidis Spinellis and Panagiotis Louridas (2008): The collaborative organization of knowledge. In Communications of the ACM, August 2008, Vol 51, No 8, Pages 68 - 73. DOI:10.1145/1378704.1378720. Quote: "Most new articles are created shortly after a corresponding reference to them is entered into the system". See also: Inflationary hypothesis of Wikipedia growth
^ Stacy Schiff (2006-07-31). "Know It All", The New Yorker.
^ Robert McHenry, "The Faith-Based Encyclopedia", Tech Central Station, November 15, 2004.
^ "Wide World of WIKIPEDIA". The Emory Wheel (April 21, 2006). Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
^ Jaschik, Scott (2007-01-26). "A Stand Against Wikipedia", Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
^ Helm, Burt (2005-12-14). "Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"", BusinessWeek. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
^ Thompson, Bill (2005-12-16). "What is it with Wikipedia?", BBC.
^ a b Seigenthaler, John (2005-11-29). "A False Wikipedia 'biography'", USA Today.
^ Public Information Research – Wikipedia Watch. Retrieved on 2007-01-28.
^ "Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version)". Citizendium.org. Retrieved on 2006-10-10.
^ Kane, Margaret (2006-01-30). "Politicians notice Wikipedia". CNET. Retrieved on 2007-01-28.
^ Bergstein, Brian (2007-01-23). "Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit". MSNBC. Retrieved on 2007-02-01.
^ a b Stephen Colbert (2006-07-30). "Wikiality", Comedycentral.com.
^ Tyler Cowen (2008-03-14). "Cooked Books". The New Republic.
^ Child, Maxwell L.,"Professors Split on Wiki Debate", The Harvard Crimson, Monday, February 26, 2007.
^ a b Chloe Stothart, Web threatens learning ethos, The Times Higher Education Supplement, 2007, 1799 (June 22), page 2
^ "Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment". Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
^ Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, and Matthew M. McKeon (2007-07-22). "The Hidden Order of Wikipedia" (pdf). Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research. Retrieved on 2007-10-30.
^ "meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Reviewed_article_version".
^ "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stable_versions".
^ "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Flagged_revisions".
^ Giles, Jim (2007-09-20). "Wikipedia 2.0 - now with added trust", NewScientist.com news service.
^ Corner, Stuart (June 18, 2006). "What's all the fuss about Wikipedia?", iT Wire. Retrieved on 2007-03-25.
^ Wilson, Chris (2008-02-22). "The Wisdom of the Chaperones", Slate. Retrieved on 2008-03-04.
^ Arthur, Charles (2005-12-15). "Log on and join in, but beware the web cults", The Guardian.
^ Lu Stout, Kristie (2003-08-04). "Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site", CNN.
^ "Wikinfo (2005-03-30). "Critical views of Wikipedia". Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
^ Mehegan, David (February 13, 2006). "Many contributors, common cause", The Boston Globe. Retrieved on 2007-03-25.
^ Kittur, Aniket. "Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie" (pdf). Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
^ Swartz, Aaron (2006-09-04). "Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia?". Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
^ "Wikipedia "Good Samaritans Are on the Money", Scientific American (2007-10-19).
^ Hafner, Katie (2007-08-19). "Seeing Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Wikipedia", The New York Times.
^ Andrea Ciffolilli, "Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia", First Monday December 2003.
^ Zittrain, Jonathan (2008). The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It - Chapter 6: The Lessons of Wikipedia. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300124873.
^ Cohen, Noam (2007-03-05). "A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side", New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-10-18.
^ Rubel, Steve (2005-12-19). "Ten More Wikipedia Hacks", WebProNews. Retrieved on 2008-10-18.
^ Mark Bergman. "Wikimedia Architecture". Wikimedia Foundation Inc.. Retrieved on 2008-06-27.
^ http://www.computerworld.com/action/...4&pageNumber=1
^ http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post...structure.html
^ "Wikimedia servers at Spanish es: · Russian ru: · Swedish sv:

100,000+ Chinese zh: · Norwegian (Bokmål) no: · Finnish fi: · Catalan ca: · Ukrainian uk: · Romanian ro: · Turkish tr: · Esperanto eo: · Czech cs: · Hungarian hu: · Slovak sk:

50,000+ Danish da: · Indonesian id: · Hebrew he: · Korean ko: · Lithuanian lt: · Serbian sr: · Slovene sl:: · Arabic ar: · Bulgarian bg: · Vietnamese vi: · Estonian et:

10,000+ Afrikaans af: · Albanian sq: · Aragonese an: · Asturian ast: · Azerbaijani az: · Basque eu: · Bengali bn: · Bishnupriya Manipuri bpy: · Bosnian bs: · Breton br: · Cebuano ceb: · Croatian hr: · Galician gl: · Georgian ka: · Greek el: · Haitian Creole ht: · Hindi hi: · Icelandic is: · Ido io: · Javanese jv: · Kurdish ku: · Latin la: · Latvian lv: · Macedonian mk: · Malay ms: · Neapolitan nap: · Norwegian (Nynorsk) nn: · Persian fa: · Sicilian scn: · Simple English simple: · Serbo-Croatian sh: · Tagalog tl: · Tamil ta: · Telugu te: · Thai th: · Welsh cy: · Walloon wa:

1,000+ Amharic am: · Cantonese zh-yue: · Classical Chinese zh-classical: · Dutch Low Saxon nds-nl: · Gan gan: · Irish ga: · Kazakh kk: · Khmer km: · Ladino lad: · Lombard lmo: · Lingála ln: · Malayalam ml: · Maltese mt: · Māori mi: · Northern Sámi se: · Pennsylvania German pdc: · Romansh rm: · Samogitian bat-smg: · Scottish Gaelic gd: · Swahili sw: · Tajik tg: · Tongan to: · Urdu ur: · Venetian vec: · Yiddish yi: · Yoruba yo:



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This page was last modified on 18 October 2008, at 18:38. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers

De voorinschrijvingen voor de Wikimedia Conferentie Nederland op 1 november zijn geopend: bekijk het programma en schrijf je in.
Wikipedia
Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie
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Wikipedia


Type Encyclopedie
Taal Meertalig
Registratie Optioneel
Eigenaar Wikimedia Foundation
Auteur Wikipediagemeenschap
Opgericht 2001
Status Actief
URL Wikipedia.org
___
(download/info)
Wikipedia is een project van de Wikimedia Foundation, een in Florida gevestigde organisatie zonder winstoogmerk. Onder de paraplu van de Wikimedia Foundation bevinden zich diverse meertalige projecten waarvan Wikipedia het oudste, bekendste en succesvolste is. De naam Wikipedia is een samentrekking (portmanteau) van het uit het Hawaïaans afkomstige "wiki" en het Engelse (maar oorspronkelijk uit het Grieks afgeleide) "encyclopedia".

Het doel van Wikipedia is om in elke taal een complete, vrijelijk verspreidbare en bewerkbare encyclopedie op het internet te creëren. De artikelen in deze encyclopedie worden geacht een neutraal gezichtspunt in te nemen. Omdat de artikelen door elke bezoeker bewerkt kunnen worden, geeft Wikipedia echter geen garantie wat betreft de juistheid en evenwichtige kwaliteit van de informatie. Daarnaast is vanwege het open karakter van het project vandalisme een probleem.

De Nederlandstalige versie is te vinden op nl.wikipedia.org en bevat meer dan 480.000 artikelen. De Engelstalige versie is het grootst met ruim 2.500.000 artikelen. In totaal zijn er meer dan 11.000.000 artikelen te vinden op heel Wikipedia in 264 verschillende talen.

Inhoud [verbergen]
1 Opzet
1.1 Groei
1.2 Kenmerken van het project
1.3 Richtlijnen en basisregels
1.4 Medewerkers
1.5 Leiding
2 Geschiedenis van Wikipedia
3 Knelpunten
4 Kwaliteit
5 Bronnen
6 Externe links



Opzet
Wikipedia is opgezet in de vorm van een WikiWiki. Voor Wikipedia is een apart programma ontworpen. Tegenwoordig is deze software, MediaWiki, een opensourcesoftware-project dat zeer actief is en ook gebruikt wordt door de andere projecten van de WikiMedia Foundation en door diverse andere projecten en bedrijven.


Groei
Zie Lijst van Wikipedia's en Wikipedia:Statistieken voor de hoofdartikelen over dit onderwerp.
De oorspronkelijke en verreweg de grootste van de Wikipedia's is de Engelstalige. Het oorspronkelijke doel was te komen tot minimaal 100.000 artikelen, maar toen dat aantal was bereikt, ging de groei nog volop door.

Vanaf de zomer van 2001 zijn er naast de oorspronkelijke Engelstalige vele andere Wikipedia's gestart, waaronder deze Nederlandstalige en het aantal neemt nog steeds toe. Naast de Engelstalige zijn vooral de Duits-, Frans-, Russisch-,Pools-, Italiaans- en Japanstalige Wikipedia's qua aantal artikelen het grootst. De Nederlandstalige Wikipedia staat volgens dit criterium op de 7e plaats . Opgemerkt moet worden dat dit slechts iets over het aantal artikelen zegt en nog niets over de grootte of de (gemiddelde) kwaliteit van de artikelen.


Kenmerken van het project
Wikipedia is een echte wiki, hetgeen betekent dat elke inhoudelijke pagina door iedere willekeurige bezoeker bewerkt kan worden. Wikipedia is de eerste serieuze, algemene, digitale encyclopedie waarbij met dit concept gewerkt wordt. In vergelijking met andere concepten om informatie te verzamelen heeft dit tot gevolg dat Wikipedia, daar waar het actuele informatie betreft, in het algemeen zeer snel bijgewerkt is. Daar is het concept ook naar genoemd: 'wikiwiki' betekent in het Hawaïaans 'snel'.

Kenmerkend voor het project en het succes ervan is tevens het feit dat de inhoud deels rechtenvrij is. Alle tekst en media worden door Wikipedia door middel van de GFDL-licentie vrijgegeven en beschikbaar gesteld voor het publiek. Eenieder is daarmee gerechtigd de inhoud kosteloos te verspreiden en/of te wijzigen, terwijl niemand de toegang tot een uit Wikipedia overgenomen en eventueel gewijzigde inhoud kan worden onthouden.

Wikipedia presenteert zich daarbij uitdrukkelijk als een encyclopedie en niet als een woordenboek, discussieforum of webportaal. Voor woordenboekinformatie is overigens het zusterproject Wiktionary in het leven geroepen.

tive que editar,

hey

[Zé Pelintra]

Ah, essas pitchuquinhas do meu serviço acabam comigo

[Hymmura]

eu juro que ri com o post do cara auhehuee

[Metal Snake]

de qm

[Kerkhoff]

hey

pwned

[Metal Snake]

pq

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[Zé Pelintra]

...Toda vez que eu viajava pela estrada de Ouro Fino, de longe eu avistava a figura de um menino...

[Metal Snake]

sheep na cidade grande